Английский язык для медиков: конспект лекций

Неопределенный артикль a (an) может употребляться только с исчисляемыми существительными, стоящими в единственном числе. Перед неисчисляемыми существительными или существительными во множественном числе неопределенный артикль опускается. Определенный артикль the употребляется и с исчисляемыми, и с неисчисляемыми существительными как в единственном, так и во множественном числе.

E. g. This is a book. The book is interesting (исчисляемое в единственном числе).

This is – meat. The meat is fresh (неисчисляемое).

These are – books. The books are good (множественное число).

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. This is… pen… pen is red.

2. These are pencils.. pencils are black.

3. This is… soup… soup is tasty.

4. In the morning I eat… sandwich and drink… tea.

5. She gave me… coffee and. cake.. coffee was hot and. cake was tasty.

6. Do you like… ice-cream?

7. I see… book in your… hand. Is… book interesting?

8. She bought… meat,… butter and… potatoes yesterday.

9. She also bought… cake… cake was very… tasty. We ate… cake with. tea.

10. This is… bag… bag is brown.

11. It is my sister's… bag.

12. And this is my… bag. It is… yellow.

13. This is. tree.. tree is green.

14. I can see… boys… boys are playing.

15. I have.bicycle… bicycle is black. My friend has no… bicycle.

16. Our… room is large.

17. We wrote… dictation yesterday… dictation was long.

18. She has two… daughters and one… son. Her… son is… pupil.

19. My… brother's… friend has no… dog.

20. This… pencil is broken. Give me that… pencil, please.

21. She has… ball… ball is… big.

22. I got… letter from my… friend yesterday… letter was interesting.

Answer the questions.

1. What is tissue?

2. What are the tissues made of?

3. How many per cents of water do the cells contain?

4. What is dissolved in water?

5. What reactions are necessary for proper body function?

6. What substance is called tissue fluid?

7. How many groups are in the tissue classification?

8. What is lining cellular layer called?

9. What cells form the nervous tissues?

10. Where is smooth muscle tissue found?

Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences).

Find the definite and indefinite articles in the text.

Find one word, which is a little bit different in meaning from others (найдите одно слово, которое немного отличается от других по смыслу):

1) a) tissue; b) body; c) pen;

2) a) water; b) cell; c) circle;

3) a) muscle; b) arm; c) cold;

4) a) elastic; b) smooth; c) brick;

5) a) fibre; b) cardiac; c) line.

ЛЕКЦИЯ № 3. Epidermis

The integument consists of the skin (epidermis and dermis) and associated appendages (sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hairs, and nails). Considered the largest body organ, the integument comprises approximately 16% of total body weight. It is a highly specialized organ that functions to protect the body from injury, desiccation, and infection. It also participates in sensory reception, excretion, thermoregulation, and maintenance of water balance.

Epidermis is the outermost layer of the integument. It is a stratified squamous epithelial layer of ectodermal origin.

Layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial consist of four strata. Stratum basale (stratum germinativum) is a proliferative basal layer of columnar-like cells that contain the fibrous protein keratin. Stratum spinosum is a multilaminar layer of cuboidal-like cells that are bound together by means of numerous cytoplasmic extensions and des-mosomal junctions.