Church and State as Seen in the Formation of Christendom

19

Philo de Monarchia, lib. 2. Legation to Caius, quoted by Vincenzi, p. 21.

20

Observe in St. Clement’s Epistle how it is assumed as undoubted that bishop, priest, and deacon had succeeded to the three orders of the levitical worship.

21

1 Peter ii. 25; Heb. x. 21, iii. 1, v. 10; Matt. xxiii. 8; Luke xxii. 29; John xx. 21; Matt. xxviii. 20; John xxi. 15.

22

S. Thos. de Reg. Prin., lib. I. c. 14, translated.

23

Taparelli, Saggio teoretico di dritto naturale.

24

Bossuet.

25

See Ephes. iv. 11-16.

26

Bossuet.

27

De Regimine Principis, lib. I. c. xv.

28

Mansi, Collectio Conciliorum, xx. p. 75.

29

I am indebted to Phillipps’ “Kirchenrecht” for this illustration of marriage. It is a work to which I am under many obligations.

30

Contr. Epist. Manichæi, cap. 5, tom. 8, 154.

31

2 Cor. v. 20; Ephes. vi. 19, 20; 2 Cor. iii. 6.

32

1 Cor. iv. 1: ὑπηρέτας χριστοῦ καὶ οἰκονόμους μυστηρίων Θεοῦ.

33

1 Tim. ii. 7; 2 Tim. i. 11.

34

Isaias vi. 1; Ezech. iv. 32; Dan. vii. 9.

35

Compare the strikingly similar and almost contemporary passage in the letter of St Ignatius to the Ephesians: “For Jesus Christ, our inseparable life, is the mind of the Father, as also the bishops, appointed throughout the earth, are in the mind of Christ.”

36

Baur, Kirchengeschichte der drei ersten Jahrhunderte, p. 272, remarks, “Nicht ohne Grund hat man daher schon in den Engeln, an welche die den sieben Gemeinden der Apocalypse bestimmten Schreiben gerichtet sind, einen Ausdruck der Episcopatsidee gesehen – da die den sieben Engeln entsprechenden Sterne alle zusammen in der Hand Christi sind, in ihm also ihre Einheit haben, so kann durch den Engel, welchen jede Gemeinde hat, nichts anders ausgedrückt sein, als die Beziehung, die sie mit Christus als dem einen Haupte aller Gemeinden und der ganzen Kirche verknüpft.”

37

“Ideo septem scribi ecclesias ut una Catholica septiformi gratiæ spiritu plena designetur.” —Cornel. a L. in loco. “Wherefore in the Apocalypse the whole Church is represented by the sevenfold number of the Churches.” —St. Greg., 1. B. 23, Morals. on Job. “Propter quod et Johannes Apostolus ad septem scribit ecclesias, eo modo se ostendens ad unius plenitudinem scribere.” —St. Aug. de Civ. Dei, xvii. 4.

38

John xv. 16.

39

Heb. xiii. 20; John x. 11, xxi. 16; Ps. ii. 9: Sept. Matt. ii. 6, in translating Mic. v. 2, where its equivalent is ἄρχοντα τοῦ Ισραὴλ; Apoc. xix. 15; the same word, ποιμαίνειν, is used in all these passages.

40

De Consideratione ad Eugenium Papam, 2, 8.

41

Contra Hæreses, 3, 3.

42

For the date of the epistle, as at the end of the century, see the arguments in the Prolegomena, pp. 22, 23, of Funk’s “Opera Patrum Apostolicorum.”

43

St. Clement to the Corinthians, 37 and following sections, in which I follow generally Dr. Lightfoot’s translation, with a few changes.