A dissertation on the inutility of the amputation of limbs

A caries of the bone is either superficial or deep seated, recent or inveterate, occasioned by a vicious state of the fluids, or the consequence of some external hurt.

When it is recent and inconsiderable, whatever be the cause, there is no room to think of amputation at all, but the bone must be laid bare according to the extent of the caries, and scraped with a scalpel, or perforated in sundry places with the spike of a trepan; when the caries has gained the opposite part of the bone, we must then use the crown of the trepan, in order to take out the entire piece. I do not however propose entering into a detail of the manner of performing these operations.

With respect to the medicines proper in a caries of the bone, without the application of instruments, or which finish what the instruments have begun, we are furnished with a great many, of which it would be too tedious to give a list: I must only give a caution not to employ the mineral acids, even the anodyne mineral liquor of Hoffman, so much boasted of by some practitioners in diseases of the bones; for they all do hurt. It is well known that when these acids are used for the teeth, they whiten them, but at the same time destroy their substance, rendering them crumbly and friable like limestone; now the other bones being less solid and hard than the teeth, there is so much the more reason to apprehend the same effect, by their penetrating from the affected part of the bone, where they are applied, to that which is sound. In consequence of this, the bones which appear mended after the use of these liquors, are, in a short time, worse than before[48 - I saw two patients who had each of them a troublesome caries, the one on the tibia, the other on the external protuberance of the fibula; their complaints, they told me, were of long standing, and that they were cured by a travelling quack, the one in six weeks, the other in a somewhat longer time. What I learned of the colour of the medicine, its properties, and of its effects on the ailment, induced me to think it was an acid spirit. This incident confirms what I was told by others, and what Mr. Bilguer now remarks. Tissot.].

The real method of doing service to bones consumed by a caries, is like what happens to boards joined together with nails, if you make them excessively dry, the nails fall out of themselves; and doubtless it is this notion that has given rise to the practice of employing hot irons, and acid liquors, as driers, to promote the exfoliation of bones. But both these methods are attended with the inconvenience I have already mentioned, with respect to acids, of acting with so much violence on the diseased parts, that they extend their action in a dangerous manner, to those that are sound. We may nevertheless employ hot irons with success in constitutions abounding with moisture, or when it is of consequence immediately to stop the progress of the disease. The following medicines act efficaciously, but with less violence, frankincense, mastich, myrrh, balsam of Peru, and essential oil of cloves; but this oil should be used with moderation, since when it is employed for carious teeth, they become friable, and crumble away by degrees in a short time[49 - I have seen several times, as well as Mr. Bilguer, the teeth crumble away by degrees, after using the oil of cloves; I have seen the same thing happen without the use either of it or of acids; I have, at other times, employed it without any such effect, and although I am convinced that it does hurt sometimes, it is only, I imagine, when the caries is very considerable, and the tooth much wasted: This is not, however, sufficient reason to give up, entirely, a medicine often very serviceable in many cases of carious teeth. Tissot.].

When the caries is removed, in order to compleat the cure, we ought to prescribe a nourishing diet, but not too oily; broth, in which viper flesh is boiled, is very useful[50 - The indiscriminate use of viper broth is not proper at all times, or in all cases of carious bones.]. The dressing should then only consist of dry lint, taking all imaginable care to hinder the contact of the external air. When the caries is accompanied with a vitiated state of the blood, the external treatment is the same, and succeeds equally, provided internal medicines, suitable to the nature of the ailment, be joined with it; with this precaution, a caries from a venereal cause, may be cured like any other.

SECT. XXXIX

It will certainly be asked, What must be done when the best applications fail, and must we not amputate when the caries is very extensive? I answer, that amputation is to no purpose if the caries be attended with a bad habit of body, and while the morbid cause remains; when this is removed, we ought not to despair of a cure, although the greater part of the bone be carious, as the cases I have already related plainly demonstrate[51 - The observations of M. Muzel, p. 83. confirm my opinion, where he says, that all those on whom amputation was performed on account of carious bones, died in consequence of it.]. We ought therefore to try other means, and trepan the bone in several places, till whatever is rotten be taken away. There are many bones, whereon amputation, even if it were of use, is not practicable; if, for instance, the caries has attacked the upper parts of the humeral, or thigh-bone, the jaw-bone, &c. The method of treating the diseases of the bones, may be learned from the cases of so many soldiers wounded at the articulations of the elbow, knee, &c. and who, by the care bestowed on them in our hospitals, had their limbs saved, notwithstanding they lost very large pieces of bone; some of which were separated by nature, and some by the help of the surgeon: And as no person will deny that the wounds made by a surgeon, with an exceeding sharp instrument, and with much circumspection, in order to remove the pieces of corrupted bone, are more easily cured than wounds that are lacerated and contused, by means of a ball, grape-shot, or splinters, &c. If the habit of body allows of any hope of curing the caries, the method I have pointed out § XX. (#pgepubid00071) may also be practiced in this case. It is true, the limb often remains deformed after it, but this does not always happen; and frequently the callus fills up the whole vacuity left by the part of the bone which is taken out, however considerable it may have been. We read of successful cures, where even the loss of the entire bone has been supplied by means of a callus[52 - Such is that mentioned by Scultetus, Armentar. Chirurgicum, obs. 81. in which we see a callus supply the place, not only of the tibia, but also of a part of the fibula, which he had extracted, and at the close of the cure, the patient walked without the help of a staff. – See also the Medical Essays of Edinburgh, vol i. p. 312. – Ubersatzt durch D. Carl. Cristian Krausen, p. 51. And the same Essays, vol. v. p. 371. mention one much more surprizing, “for the whole tibia of one leg came out, and the tibia of the other leg separated in small pieces. Nevertheless the patient, who was a boy of 10 or 11 years of age, in four months was able to walk without crutches, with his legs straight, and continued well afterwards, and fit for country work.” These cases are so much the more decisive in favour of the method I employ, as the callus much more easily repairs the fragments of bone taken away by the surgeon after an external hurt, and where there is no morbid cause, which was very considerable in the case I have cited.]; besides, the deformity of the limb does not take away the total use of it[53 - See § XXXVI. (#pgepubid00124)].

SECT. XL

It now remains, that I should say something concerning cancers; on which subject I shall be brief, as it has been treated of by very able hands[54 - See the Dissertation of M. Kattschmied, on this subject.]. If the complaint be recent, the constitution good, if internal medicines and outward applications have produced no effect, the vitiated part must be extirpated before the disease takes root, and communicates the infection farther. But the greater number of those who have the misfortune to be attacked with this disease, putting off the amputation from time to time, it happens when they do resolve on it, either that it accelerates their death, or the humour falls upon another part: For this reason, the operation for extirpating it, should be performed much more seldom than it is[55 - When the cancer is evidently the consequence of an external accident, neglected or injudiciously treated, amputation performed in time, may effect a cure; but when the disease has come on gradually, without being able to assign any external cause for it, I have almost constantly observed, although it be performed in time, it accelerates the patient's death; and sometimes after having been made undergo a degree of torture more painful than that of the cancer itself. It is hoped, that the virtues of hemlock will make the frequency of amputation in these cases be discontinued: It appears, however, by the conclusion of the section, that Mr. Bilguer had not seen Dr. Stork's pamphlet.]; and it were greatly to be wished, that physicians would endeavour to find out some remedy for this horrid disease, without having recourse to amputation; but it is not my intention to dwell on this topic.

SECT. XLI

I have now finished what I had most material to say, against the practice which still prevails, of too precipitately taking off the limbs when they are contused or shattered.

Are my reasons well-founded, or does the method I propose deserve to be adopted? This I leave to be determined by the judicious reader; for my own part, I shall never experience any sensation more agreeable, than the recollection of having saved the lives and preserved the limbs of so many unfortunate men in our hospitals, whose wounds were of the kind for which practitioners hitherto have had recourse to amputation; and it were to be wished, that so many cures happily effected, might repress that kind of folly, by which, in some countries, surgeons are excited, and even encouraged by public rewards, to perform frequent amputations. Another advantage will accrue from this publication, which is, that all those who judged unfavourably of the surgeons of our hospitals, on hearing they never employed amputation, will, I hope, lay aside their prejudices on this score, and may even derive benefit from our example.

FINIS

notes

1

Le Manuel du Chirurgien d'Armée; or, The Art of methodically curing Gunshot Wounds, &c. By L. L. M. C. Printed for Houry, at Paris. My edition is the second, published 1693.

2

I would not chuse to lay much stress on this argument; for if one weighs the circumstances of pain, the amount of what the patient suffers from the treatment necessary for saving the limb, will often be equal to that arising from amputation. But the two strongest reasons for prefering Mr. Bilguer's method is, the saving the limb as well as the life of the patient; the loss of which is often occasioned by amputation, but never by the pain of an incision. It is also true, that pain when slighter, though longer continued, is more easily supported by the patient. Tissot.

3

To these instances may be added, that of the son of Thomas Koulichan, a captain in the Austrian service, who, being wounded in the leg, and the bones shattered, in one of the latter battles of the war, held a candle with one hand and extracted the splinters with the other. He exhibited many other proofs, not only of courage in the field, but also of that fortitude in bearing pain which is very different from the other, and much more seldom met with. Tissot.

4

Celsus de re medica, l. 7. præf. Nevertheless Mr. Dionis, in his course of operations, (Demonstr. 2, Art. 9.) acknowleges, that even the most intrepid surgeons tremble at the instant they are going to perform this operation. Of all the operations, says he, that which occasions the greatest horror, is the amputation of a thigh, a leg or an arm. When a surgeon is about to take off a limb, and reflects on the cruel means he must employ, he cannot help feeling a tremour, and pitying the misfortune of the poor patient, who is under a fatal necessity of being deprived, for life, of a part of his body. And in another place he says, This operation ought rather to be performed by a butcher than by a surgeon.

5

Memoirs of the Royal Academy of Sciences, 1732. Art. 7.

6

Mr. Ranby, however, who was one of the surgeons of the British troops at the time of the battle of Dettingen, lays great stress upon the bark: It is true, that in one of his cases, having ordered it to an officer of seventy years of age, whose leg had been amputated, on account of his ancle, with the neighbouring parts, having been terribly shattered by a cannon ball, it did not keep the sore from growing worse, or prevent the patient's death. But that we may form a just estimate of the merit of the bark, and the effects of amputation at the same time, it will be necessary to compare this case with the one which precedes it. This comparison will, I imagine, be of use. – I shall quote the author's own words. “An Austrian officer, who had his hand miserably shattered by a cannon ball, was, by some accident, left in a wood near the field of battle, destitute of any manner of help, from Thursday till the Sunday following, when he was brought to Hanau. The next morning I was carried to see him, and to assist in taking off his arm. On viewing it, I found it mortified almost to the elbow, with a great swelling and inflammation quite up to the shoulder. As it was by no means adviseable to attempt an amputation in such circumstances, I proposed giving him the bark; which being no ways objected to, he entered upon immediately. The next day he was rather better: But, on the third, was evidently so. The inflammation was less, the swelling began to subside, and the edges of the mortification were separating. The arm was fomented and wrapped up in the oatmeal and stale beer poultice, with theriaca: And the dreadful symptoms which forbad the operation, were now so much abated, that his surgeons did not at all hesitate to take it off. But this was done to very little purpose; for three or four days after the amputation, being attacked with convulsions, he expired.”

I shall here subjoin five questions.

Would Mr. Bilguer have amputated in these two instances?

Would not his method have saved both these patients, especially the last?

Does not amputation seem to have contributed to their death?

Does it not evidently appear, that in the latter of these two cases, amputation destroyed the good effects of the bark, which seemed to conduct the patient to a speedy cure; and that in the former case, the bark had not power sufficient to repair the mischief occasioned by the amputation?

Does it not follow from these two observations, that however salutary the effects of the bark may be, those of amputation are hurtful in a greater degree? Tissot.

7

See Dionis's surgery, page 18. 4th edition.

8

These two last applications are not in Heister: The species pro cataplasmatic, consists of yarrow, wormwood, water germander, southernwood, chamomile, sage, hysop, rue, elder, St. John's wort, and red roses.

It is quite unnecessary to make use of all these ingredients at one time. Tissot.

9

As the composition of the martial ball may not be generally known, I shall describe it in this place: Take of filings of iron one part; white tartar two parts: Let them be reduced to a fine powder, and put into a matrass with as much French brandy as will swim about an inch above the powder; exhale to dryness, either in the heat of the sun or in that of a water bath. Pour fresh brandy upon the remainder, and evaporate them in this manner several times successively, till the mass appears resinous; then form it into balls nearly of the bigness of an egg.

I do not exactly know what quantity Mr. Bilguer means by sextarius; that measure, among the ancients, contained twenty four ounces, but here I believe it denotes somewhat less. If we suppose it to be about a pint, the medicine will be extremely good.

10

This composition is commonly called species pro decocto nigro, or the species for the black decoction.

11

In using the external vulnerary medicines, in which aloes is an ingredient, it must be remembered, what Mr. Bilguer remarks in another place, that they often prove purgative.

12

Mr. Bilguer might have even said hurtful; the only true temperants are, repeated bleedings and the acids, which are preferable to nitre, which is not very proper wherever there is reason to apprehend a mortification. Absorbents, which in some parts of the country where Mr. Bilguer writes, are still ranked in the class of temperants, are very hurtful in the present case, and never afford any relief to wounded patients.

13

This precept, of which the very reverse is but too frequently practised, is of very great consequence: It is founded upon this, that a discharge of blood proves that an incision has reached the quick; now every such incision produces an inflammation, which retards the suppuration already begun, and hence we interrupt this operation of nature which we meant to promote, and, as it is the means of preventing a mortification, whatever interrupts it contributes to the disease: It cannot, therefore, be too often repeated, that in general, incisions which cause a discharge of blood, ought never to be practised after a suppuration is begun. Tissot.

14

I hardly ever knew any old officers who have not been witnesses of some examples of this kind; and I have seen several people who have themselves been in such a situation.