With the End in Mind: Dying, Death and Wisdom in an Age of Denial

She nods, holding his gaze.

‘Well, the first thing we notice is that people are more tired. Their illness saps their energy. I think you are already noticing that?’

Another nod. She takes his hand again.

‘As time goes by, people become more tired, more weary. They need to sleep more, to boost their energy levels. Have you noticed that if you have a sleep during the day, you feel less weary for a while when you wake up?’

Her posture is changing. She is sitting up straighter. Her eyes are locked on his face. She nods.

‘Well, that tells us that you are following the usual pattern. What we expect to happen from now on is that you will just be progressively more tired, and you will need longer sleeps, and spend less time awake.’

Job done, I think. She can expect to be sleepy. Let’s go … But our leader continues talking.

‘As time goes by,’ he says, ‘we find that people begin to spend more time sleeping, and some of that time they are even more deeply asleep, they slip into a coma. I mean that they are unconscious. Do you understand? Shall I say it in French?’

‘Non, I understand. Unconscious, coma, oui.’ She shakes his hand in hers to affirm her understanding.

‘So if people are too deeply unconscious to take their medications for part of the day, we will find a different way to give those drugs, to make sure they remain in comfort. Consoler toujours. Yes?’

He must be about to stop now, I think. I am surprised that he has told her so much. But he continues, his gaze locked onto hers.

‘We see people spending more time asleep, and less time awake. Sometimes when they appear to be only asleep, they are actually unconscious, yet when they wake up they tell us they had a good sleep. It seems we don’t notice that we become unconscious. And so, at the very end of life, a person is simply unconscious all of the time. And then their breathing starts to change. Sometimes deep and slow, sometimes shallow and faster, and then, very gently, the breathing slows down, and very gently stops. No sudden rush of pain at the end. No feeling of fading away. No panic. Just very, very peaceful …’

She is leaning towards him. She picks up his hand and draws it to her lips, and very gently kisses it with great reverence.

‘The important thing to notice is that it’s not the same as falling asleep,’ he says. ‘In fact, if you are well enough to feel you need a nap, then you are well enough to wake up again afterwards. Becoming unconscious doesn’t feel like falling asleep. You won’t even notice it happening.’

He stops and looks at her. She looks at him. I stare at both of them. I think my mouth might be open, and I may even be leaking from my eyes. There is a long silence. Her shoulders relax and she settles against her pillows. She closes her eyes and gives a deep, long sigh, then raises his hand, held in both of hers, shakes it like shaking dice, and gazes at him as she says, simply, ‘Thank you.’ She closes her eyes. We are, it seems, dismissed.

The nurse, our leader and I walk to the office. Our leader says to me, ‘That is probably the most helpful gift we can ever give to our patients. Few have seen a death. Most imagine dying to be agonising and undignified. We can help them to know that we do not see that, and that they need not fear that their families will see something terrible. I never get used to having that conversation, even though it always ends by a patient knowing more yet being less afraid.’

Then, kindly overlooking my crumpled tissue, he suggests, ‘Shall we have a cup of tea?’

I escape to brew the tea and wipe my tears. I begin to reflect on what I have just seen and heard. I know that he has just described, with enormous skill, exactly what we see as people die, yet I had never considered the pattern before. I am amazed that it is possible to share this amount of information with a patient. I review all my ill-conceived beliefs about what people can bear: beliefs that had just scrolled through my startled and increasingly incredulous consciousness throughout that conversation; beliefs that would have prevented me from having the courage to tell Sabine the whole truth. I feel suddenly excited. Is it really within my gift to offer that peace of mind to people at the ends of their lives?

This book is about my learning to observe the details of that very pattern our leader explained to Sabine all those years ago. In the next thirty years of clinical practice, I found it to be true and accurate. I have used it, now adapted to my own words and phrases, to comfort many hundreds, perhaps even thousands, of patients in the same way that it brought such comfort to Sabine. And now I am writing it down, telling the stories that illustrate that journey of shrinking horizons and final moments, in the hope that the knowledge that was common to all when death took place at home can again be a guide and comfort to people contemplating death. Because in the end, this story is about all of us.

Tiny Dancer (#ulink_0b899e58-d33d-52b1-bc15-837a1190a2a2)

The pattern of decline towards death varies in its trajectory, yet for an individual it follows a relatively even flow, and energy declines initially only year to year, later month to month, and eventually week by week. Towards the very end of life energy levels are less day by day, and this is usually a signal that time is very short. Time to gather. Time to say any important things not yet said.

But sometimes there is an unexpected last rise before the final fall, a kind of swansong. Often this is unexplained, but occasionally there is a clear cause, and sometimes the energy rush is a mixed blessing.

Holly has been dead for thirty years. Yet this morning she is steadily dragging herself out of the recesses of my memory and onto my page. She woke me early; or perhaps it was waking on this misty autumn morning that brought her last day to mind. She twisted and twirled her way into the focus of my consciousness: initially just images like an old silent-movie reel showing disjointed snatches of her pale smile, her pinched nose, her fluttering hand movements. And then her laugh arrived, with the crows outside my window: her barking, rasping laugh, honed by the bitter winds along the industry-riven river, by teenage smoking and premature lung disease. Finally, she drew me from my warm bed and sat me down to tell her story, while mist was still bathing the gardens beneath an autumn dawn.

Thirty years ago, arriving at my first hospice job with several years’ experience of a variety of medical specialties, some training in cancer medicine and a freshly minted postgraduate qualification, I probably saw myself as quite a catch. I know that I was buoyed up by the discovery that palliative care fitted all my hopes for a medical career: a mixture of teamwork with clinical detective work to find the origins of patients’ symptoms in order to offer the best possible palliation; of attention to the psychological needs and resilience of patients and their families; honesty and truth in the face of advancing disease; and recognition that each patient is a unique, whole person who is the key member of the team looking after them. Working with, rather than doing to: a complete paradigm shift. I had found my tribe.

The leader of this new hospice had been on call for the service without a break until my arrival in early August. Despite this he exuded enthusiasm and warmth, and was gently patient with my questions, my lack of palliative care experience, my youthful self-­assurance. It was a wonder to see patients I already knew from the cancer centre, looking so much better than when they had recently been in my care there, now with pain well controlled but brains in full working order. I may have thought highly of myself, but I recognised that these people were far better served by the hospice than they had been by the mainstream cancer services. Perhaps my previous experiences were only a foundation for new knowledge; perhaps I was here not to perform, but to learn. Humility comes slowly to the young.

After my first month of daily rounds to review patients, adjusting their medication to optimise symptom control but minimise side-effects, watching the leader discuss mood and anxieties as well as sleep and bowel habit, attending team meetings that reviewed each patient’s physical, emotional, social and spiritual wellbeing, the leader decided that I was ready to do my own first weekend on call. He would be back-up, and would come in to the hospice each morning to answer any queries and review any particularly tricky challenges, but I would take the calls from the hospice nurses, from GPs and hospital wards, and try to address the problems that arose. I was thrilled.

Holly’s GP rang early on the Saturday afternoon. Holly was known to the city’s community palliative care nurses, whose office was in the hospice, so he hoped that I might know about her. She was in her late thirties, the mother of two teenagers, and she had advanced cancer of the cervix, now filling her pelvis and pressing on her bladder, bowels and nerves. The specialist nurses had helped the GP to manage her pain, and Holly was now able to get out of bed and sit on the outdoor landing of her flat to smoke and chat with her neighbours. When she developed paralysing nausea in the previous week, her symptoms were improved greatly by using the right drug to calm the sickness caused as her kidneys failed, as the thin ureter tubes that convey the urine from kidneys to bladder were strangled by her mass of cancer.

Today she had a new problem: no one in her flat had slept all night, because Holly wanted to walk around and chat to everyone. Having hardly walked more than a few steps for weeks, overnight she had suddenly become animated and active, unable to settle to sleep, and she had woken her children and her own mother by playing loud music and attempting to dance to it. The neighbours had been banging on the walls. At first light her mother had called the GP. He found Holly slightly euphoric, flushed and tired, yet still dancing around the flat, hanging onto the furniture.

‘She doesn’t seem to be in pain,’ the GP explained to me, ‘and although she’s over-animated, all her thought content is normal. I don’t think this is psychiatric, but I have no idea what is going on. The family is exhausted. Do you have a bed?’

All our beds were full, but I was intrigued. The GP accepted my offer to visit Holly at home, so I retrieved her notes from the community team office and set off through the receding autumn mist to the area of the city where long terraces of houses run down to the coalyards, ironworks and shipbuilders that line the river’s banks. In places the terraces were interrupted by brutal low-rise blocks of dark brick flats crowned with barbed-wire coils and pierced by darkened doorways hung with cold neon lights in tamper-proof covers. These palaces bore unlikely names: Magnolia House, Bermuda Court, and my destination, Nightingale Gardens.

I parked my car at the kerbside and sat for a moment, surveying the area. Beside me rose the dark front of Nightingale Gardens. On the ground floor, a bare stone pavement ran from the kerb to the tenement block: not a tree or a blade of grass to garnish these ‘gardens’, which certainly never saw or heard a nightingale. Across the road, a terrace of council-owned houses grinned a toothy smile of white doors and window frames, all identical and recently painted. Some of the tiny front gardens displayed a few remnants of late-summer colour; rusting bed-frames or mangled bicycles adorned others. Several children were playing in the street, a game of catch with a tennis ball played while dodging a group of older boys who were aiming their bikes at the players. Yelps of excitement from the kids, and from a group of enthusiastic dogs in assorted sizes who were trying to join in.

I collected my bag and approached Nightingale Gardens. I needed to find number 55. An archway marked ‘Odds’ led to a dank, chilly concrete tunnel. My breath was visible in the gloomily lit staircase. On the landing, all the door numbers were in the thirties. Up another couple of flights I found the fifties, and halfway along the balcony corridor that overlooked the misty river, and was itself overlooked by cranes rising above the mist like origami giants, number 55. I knocked and waited. Through the window I could hear Marc Bolan telling me that I won’t fool the children of the revolution.

The door was opened by a large woman in her fifties wearing a miner’s donkey jacket. Behind her was a staircase leading to another floor, and beside her the living-room door swung open to reveal a diminutive, pale woman leaning on a table and moving her feet to the T. Rex beat.

‘Shut the door, will you?’ she trilled across to us. ‘It’s cold out there!’

‘Are you the Macmillan nurse?’ the older woman asked me. I explained that I worked with the Macmillan nurses, but that I was the doctor on call. She beckoned me inside with an arc of her chin, while simultaneously indicating with animated eyebrows that the younger woman was causing her some concern. Then she straightened up, shouted, ‘I’m off to get more ciggies, Holly!’ and left the flat.

Holly looked at me and explained, ‘We smoked ’em all last night. Gaspin’ now!’ Then she invited me in, saying, ‘Wanna cuppa?

There was something childlike about Holly, with her tiny frame and her dark hair swept up into a high ponytail. Her skin shone with an alabaster clarity, stretched taut over swollen legs and a pinched face. She seemed to emanate a faintly yellow light, like a fading lightbulb. She was in constant motion, as though driven by an unseen force. Her feet danced while her hands leaned on the table; then she sat down abruptly in one of the upright chairs and began to rub her hands along her arms, along her thighs, along her calves, shuffling her bottom and nodding her head in time to the music. Alice Cooper next: Holly drummed her fingers, then played air guitar, tossing her ponytail to celebrate school being blown to pieces. Throughout, she sang along in a thin contralto embellished by occasional hiccups.

The music stopped with a click that drew my attention to the cassette player on the window ledge. These must be mix tapes she had recorded in her teens. Without the music to give shape to her movements, the choreography broke down and she simply rocked on her chair, rubbing her limbs with her thin hands and tossing her hair like an angry genie. She looked up at me, as though noticing me for the first time, and asked, ‘Got a ciggie?’ When I shook my head she laughed and said, ‘Oops, no, you’re the doctor, aren’t you? You won’t approoove of ciggies!’ in a sing-song voice tinged with sarcasm.

‘So, what’s the deal, doc?’ she said next. ‘I feel GREAT today! I wanna sing and dance and get outta this bloody flat!’ Casting her gaze around the room, she sighed heavily. ‘It’s like a pigsty in here. Needs a good cleaning. Amy! AMY!!!’ she moved her gaze to the ceiling, brown with cigarette smoke, as though to look at Amy, who was presumably upstairs.

A teenage girl in pyjamas appeared at the living-room door.

‘Mam?’ she asked. ‘Mam, what’s all the noise for?’ Then, catching sight of me, she whispered, ‘Who’s this? Where’s Nan?’

‘Nan’s gone for ciggies. This is the doctor. This place needs cleaning. Get the Hoover over it, will you?’

Amy rolled her teenage eyes, said, ‘Yeah, in a mo,’ and dis­­appeared back up the stairs just as her grandmother reappeared through the front door. Lighting two cigarettes at once, Nan held one out to Holly then stumped through to the kitchen, saying, ‘I’ll get the kettle on. Tea, doctor? Biscuit?’

Seated on the sofa, I watched Holly continue her interminable movements. I recognised this pattern. I just needed a bit more information.

‘Holly, are you feeling restless?’ I asked.

She regarded me solemnly, exhaled her smoke, and then said, ‘Look, are you gonna ask a load of questions? Cos, not to be rude or anything, I’ve already done that with the first doctor. So it’s like this – yes, I can’t lie still, can’t get to sleep, can’t get the tunes out of my head. OK? Got the idea?’

Nan appeared with a tray of mugs filled with tea, a plate of biscuits and thickly sliced fruitcake. I have come to know such hospitality is a custom along the riverside.

‘Holly’s not usually so grumpy,’ said Nan. ‘I think she’s tired. None of us got any sleep last night.’

‘When would you say the restlessness started?’ I asked. The women looked at each other to consider.

‘It’s really since you stopped being so sick,’ said Nan.