30 Must-Read Books for Psychologists

repressed and hidden thoughts – подавленные и скрытые мысли

layers – слои

manifest content – явное содержание

latent content – скрытое содержание

anxiety-provoking thoughts – вызывающие беспокойство мысли

wish-fulfilling function – функция исполнения желаний

forbidden desires – запретные желания

desire for freedom – стремление к свободе

liberation – освобождение

a rebus that must be deciphered – ребус, который нужно расшифровать

distorted and disguised expressions – искажённые и замаскированные выражения

lack of scientific evidence – отсутствие научных доказательств

limited applicability – ограниченная применимость

vague – расплывчатый

valid method of psychological analysis – достоверный метод психологического анализа

unconventional ideas – нетрадиционные идеи

groundbreaking work – новаторская работа

Exercise 1.

Fill in the gaps with some words or phrases from the wordlist

1. Dreams are the __________ to the unconscious mind.

2. Dreams have two __________: the manifest content and the latent content.

3. The _____________ is the surface meaning of the dream.

4. The __________ is the underlying message of the dream.

5. Dreams can contain __________ that represent unconscious thoughts and desires.

6. Dreams serve a __________ by allowing us to experience forbidden desires in a safe way.

7. Freud’s theory of dreams has been criticized for its __________ and __________ applicability.

8. Some critics argue that dream interpretation is too __________ to be a valid method of psychological analysis.

9. Despite these criticisms, The Interpretation of Dreams remains a __________ work in the field of psychology.

Exercise 2

Are these statements TRUE or FALSE?

1. Freud believed that dreams are the «royal road» to the unconscious mind.

2. The latent content of a dream is its surface meaning.

3. Dream symbols can have specific meanings that can be discovered through analysis.

4. Freud’s theory of dreams has been universally accepted by the scientific community.

5. Dreams serve no purpose and are simply random brain activity.

6. The Interpretation of Dreams was Freud’s first published work.

7. Freud believed that dreams are always wish-fulfilling.

8. Some critics argue that dream interpretation is too vague to be a valid method of psychological analysis.

9. Dreams can help us to understand our repressed and hidden thoughts.

10. Freud’s ideas about dreams continue to be debated and discussed today.

UNIT 2

The Principles of Psychology by William James (1890)

Key Ideas:

Consciousness is a continuous stream of thought. James argued that consciousness is not a series of discrete mental states, but rather a continuous flow of experience. This stream of consciousness includes everything from our thoughts and feelings to our sensations and memories.

Habits are formed through association and are essential for social stability. James believed that habits are formed when two stimuli are repeatedly paired together. Over time, the association between the stimuli becomes so strong that one stimulus can trigger the other, even in the absence of the original stimulus. Habits are essential for social stability because they allow us to perform complex tasks without having to think about every step.

The self is a collection of experiences, not a fixed entity. James rejected the traditional view of the self as a fixed, unchanging entity. Instead, he argued that the self is a collection of our experiences, both past and present. This means that our self is constantly changing and evolving as we have new experiences.

Emotions are physiological responses to stimuli, not cognitive judgments. James’ theory of emotion, known as the James-Lange theory, challenged the traditional view that emotions are caused by cognitive judgments. Instead, James argued that emotions are simply physiological responses to stimuli. This means that we do not first think about something and then feel an emotion; rather, we feel an emotion and then think about it.

Instinct plays a significant role in human behavior. James believed that instinct, or innate behavior patterns, plays a significant role in human behavior. He argued that instincts are not simply fixed, unchangeable behaviors, but rather flexible patterns that can be modified by experience. Instincts provide us with a foundation for learning and adaptation, and they help us to survive and thrive in our environment.

Best Quotes:

«The stream of thought, which constitutes our conscious self, is sensibly continuous.»