Solar system / Alternative theories

2. "Most solar flares and coronal mass ejections originate in magnetically active regions around visible sunspots groupings."

There is a photo, on which one can see the comet (http://neoskytown.blogspot.com/2015/10/soho.html)

fall on the Sun surface. This is not the only one recorded case of comets falling on the Sun surface. Powerful bright flash in the shape of torch appears before the comet fall on the Sun surface. This photo confirms, that the emergence of torch prior to the appearance of spots and the fall of the space bodies are interrelated phenomena.

3. "Observations using the Zeeman effect show that prototypical sunspots come in pairs with opposite magnetic polarity. Sunspots usually appear in groups."

Single spots can be explained by falling celestial bodies, consisting mainly of solid rocks, which are not destroyed under the action of gravity. On the contrary, it is possible to explain the groups of spots by the destructive action of gravity.

Presumably, an object, which can’t pass through the solar shell, is pushed out on the surface at almost the same angle, at which it entered it, but in the opposite direction, forming a symmetrical spot. Fragment, which was pushed out, again falls on surface and can form a secondary smaller spot and a secondary weak single arc.

Apparently, the largest objects have sufficient power to pass through the Sun and come out from the opposite side. Presumably, there is an empty space or gas between the shell of the Sun and the core. An arc discharge is formed between the exit point and the entrance. In some cases a large object, which is trapped inside can get in resonance vibrations, that is, fly from one inner wall to another. This can lead to some deformation of the spherical Sun shape.

Group of spots often stretch parallel to the sun's equator. The fall of comet "Shoemaker-Levy" on Jupiter’s surface in 1994 can serve as a striking example, illustrating the formation of the spots group. Comet was crushed into 21 fragments by the gravity force. The photo Jupiter (https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jupiter_showing_SL9_impact_sites.jpg#mw-jump-to-license)

shows, that the fragments of Shoemaker-Levy comet formed the dark spots in the southern hemisphere along the line parallel to the equator. The sunspots are stretched in a similar way – approximately parallel to the equator.

4. "The Wilson effect implies that sunspots are depressions on Sun's surface".

The fall of celestial bodies on the hard surface of the planets or their moons forms a crater, or a deepening. The Sun surface is not hard, but, probably, it is a dense, viscous liquid, in which a lower area (funnel) also forms after falling. Over the time it disappears.

5. "Their number varies according to the approximately 11-year solar cycle".

An explanation can also be found for cyclical solar activity. On its way the Sun passes through such areas, where there are a lot of meteorites and other celestial bodies. Perhaps, these are areas of space catastrophes, for this reason the number of sunspots ought to increase. In other parts of the Sun path, where there are no “space debris”, the sunspots are not present either.

Spots are a good material for studying the Sun. A proper understanding of the nature of the spots origin provides great opportunities for Sun studies. The Sun rotation, its rotation period and the irregularity of rotation at different latitudes has been detected and proven using the sunspots.

In the photo of a big sunspot (http://www.asvcorp.ru/general/astro/universe/photos/sunspot.html)

the fallen object formed a surface "slice". The plasma fibers (jets) are clearly visible on the slice. They are close to each other and cover the sun surface like a carpet fleece. It is the so called convection layer – fire layer. Plasma fibers on the "slice" are the line segments. They have a dark base and a light top. The entire surface except a dark sunspot is covered by the light spots of different shapes and sizes, which fit each other, but they do not merge and are clearly separated by darker outlines.

"Fibrous" structure of the convection layer can be explained by the granular structure of the base of this layer, as well as the influence of magnetic fields. At the bottom of the dark sunspot there is a visible grain structure, consisting of black and crimson spots oval shape. Perhaps, it's the base of the plasma fibers, extinguished in the result of the object falling.

The photo of the sunspot shows, that the Sun is not a solid burning sphere, but it consists of different layers. Under the convection fire layer there is a so-called diffuse layer. Perhaps, it is a layer of a dense fluid, which is the Sun shell. The average density of the Sun is 1409 kg/m

. This value corresponds to a dense fluid.

The Sun rotation speed is different at different latitudes – faster at the equator and slower to the poles. This confirms the assumption, that the Sun surface is not solid. The density of the Sun is not uniform, as the convection layer, which is a burning gas by nature, has a low density, much lower, than the average one. The core of a star, on the contrary, has a very large density, much larger, than the average one. The presence of a solid layer under the diffuse layer would make it impossible for the Sun to rotate at different speeds at different latitudes. In addition, large fallen objects pass through the Sun shell and go out from its opposite side, which would be impossible in case of the solid inner layer. Hence, there is no hard layer directly under the diffuse layer. It is possible, that inside the Sun there is a less dense medium, than in the shell. Presumably, there is no fire inside the sun.

Here it would be worthwhile to mention the amazing similarity between a sunflower hat and the Sun; as if the nature itself would have created a small model of Sun on the Earth. Like a solar corona, sunflower flower is surrounded by yellow petals. Tubular yellow flowers of the sunflower are similar to the tubular plasma fibers of the Sun. Like the Sun plasma fibers, they also cover densely the surface of the sunflower head. Tubular flowers of a sunflower grow from black seeds, similar to the black granules of the sunspots. People long ago noted a similarity between this plant and the Sun, its manner of turning behind the Sun and, therefore, gave him the name derived from the Sun. If you remove petals and flowers of sunflower, the hat will be covered only with black seeds. If star stops burning, its surface will be covered only with black granules. Apparently, "black holes" are dead stars. Our Sun is very old. Through several millennia it stop burning. This has long been predicted as "Doomsday".

The appearance of spots on the Sun causes perturbation of the Earth magnetic field, which can lead to the malfunction of some systems. Despite this, the sunspots should be seen as a positive phenomenon. The falling celestial bodies not significant increase the Sun mass, which decreases continuously and support its activity.

This theory is confirmed by the video (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LjB1vYgrKdY)

"The Origin of sunspots" shot by NASA dated 19.07.2012, where several objects falling on the Sun surface are visible. If you follow the link: video Arc on the Sun, you can see the magnificent fascinating video showing the appearance of the spots on the Sun. At first, a torch is formed. Then the fragments fall to the left of the torch base. Then some of them are pushed out to the right of the torch base. After that, the torch turns into a coronary arc. The fragments, which were pushed out, form a secondary arc, but it is weaker and lower than the main arc. The secondary arc is formed by the return movement, from the secondary point of falling toward to the right arc base.

Thus, the dark spots on the Sun can be explained quite simply: by falling of the various celestial bodies – the phenomenon, which is very common in space.

5. Origin of the moons

The hypotheses

There are several popular hypotheses of the moon origin.

The hypothesis of collision. The moon was formed as a result of a collision of the Earth with a large space object. This hypothesis of the Moon emergence prevails nowadays in scientific circles.

The hypothesis of separation was put forward by the son of Charles Darwin. Darwin suggested, that the tidal effect of the Sun was the cause of the so called separation. A piece of a melted Earth with the size of Moon had separated from the main mass and took its position in orbit. This hypothesis looked quite reasonable and predominated in the early twentieth century.

The hypothesis of accretion. The Moon emerged from the disks. It is said, that a disk of dense particles was gradually accumulating around the already formed Earth, resembling the Saturn rings. It was assumed, that the particles of this disk has eventually merged and formed the Moon.

The hypothesis of the whole capture. This hypothesis about the moon origin appeared around the time, when the first lunar probes were launched. It was assumed, that the Moon originated in the distance from the Earth and was a wandering celestial body, which was simply captured by gravity and entered the orbit around the Earth.

The first two hypotheses of the moon origin resulting from the collision or separation were popular, but not viable. It is difficult, but one can imagine, that a piece of planet came off and flew away from a strong blow, but the planets are not rubber balls to fly apart in the result of collision. The probability, that this piece took a spherical shape and a core appeared inside, is negligible.

It can also be assumed, that in a period, when a planet was born, it was a "soft" hot body. Then the satellites separated from it (quite numerous in the case of the gas giants). However, one can not find any explanation for the force, which put the satellites into their orbits. Space bodies gravitate, but not pushed away. The hypothesis of separation is more suitable for the SS formation, but not for the Planet- Moon system.

The other hypothesis of accretion, which states, that the moon was originated from the disks surrounding the planet, is not credible. On the contrary, the disks (rings) were formed from a celestial body, after it had been destroyed. They have been distributed along the orbit quite evenly and do not show a tendency to "merge" into a moon. Large fragments of a crust, which had been scattered into different orbits, became satellites. The rings are filled with dust, sand and small debris. As a rule, the fragmentary satellites-shepherds are in the zone of the rings, they collect particles and forms slits.

When we look for the cause of the moon origin, first of all, let's remember, that the Moon is not a single satellite of SS. Except Mercury and Venus each planet has the satellites.

Hypothesis of the capture

The most likely of all hypotheses – is a hypothesis of "capture". The force of gravity occurs between the planet and the passing by moon, alters the moon trajectory and attracts it. Then the question is: where the wandering moons come from? Apparently, from the Space. Each star has satellites, but their number differs. Burning, the stars lose their mass, which weakens the force of gravity. This can make the outer satellite come off from its star. Perhaps, this is the reason why there are "free moons" in space. They have different sizes and properties. They moves chaotically in the interstellar space in different directions and at different speeds, until they meet another celestial body.

Being in the field of a star attraction and not having enough speed to overcome gravity, a free moon may be captured. The moon begins to move toward the center of gravity (to star) with acceleration (to fall). If there are no obstacles on its way, it falls to the star, causing the appearance of a black spot, which eventually disappears. If the moon meets a planet, for example, a gas giant, it will be captured by the planet's gravity and gets inside, increasing its mass. If the falling moon meets a solid planet or a planet satellite, everything will depend on a power, speed and point of impact of the two objects. In case of the high power impact two celestial bodies can shatter (this could have caused the destruction of the planet Phaeton and formation of the asteroid belt).

All the satellites of the planets can be conditionally divided into two main groups:

– the planetary type (the moons), which have a spherical shape or close to it;

– satellites, that do not have a spherical shape.

Probably, the first group – it is captured satellites. The second group, for the most part, belongs to the SS.

The first group may have the next 20 moons:

Earth – Moon;

Asteroid belt – Ceres;

Jupiter – Io, Europe, Ganymede, Callisto;

Saturn – Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, Rhea, Titan, Lapetus;

Uranus – Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, Oberon;

Neptune – Triton;