All sciences. №9, 2023. International Scientific Journal

The planet Jupiter, which is the second largest, after the Sun in terms of size and volume of objects in the Solar System, appears as a rather interesting object to study, along with a variety of space objects. So, it was this planet, discovered by the brilliant scientist Galileo Galilei, that became one of the key reasons for the collapse of the geocentric theory, as well as the clearest proof that not all objects in the system revolve around the Earth or the Sun, which in turn struck a blow towards the heliocentric system. Jupiter has a huge number of very different satellites and today more than 80 satellites are known, but the first of them were discovered precisely the so – called Galileo satellites, named by his German colleague – Ganymede, Europa, Io and Calisto.

Jupiter is a gas giant, unlike other planets with a solid surface, surrounded by a large thick atmosphere. This was also the reason that this planet is home to the largest hurricane in the entire Solar System, the size of planet Earth, called the «Big Red Spot» and which has been going on for hundreds of years and besides, the wind speed in it reaches 650 km/h or 350 knots. It is also worth noting that only in its small diameter, because it has the shape of an ellipsoid, it is approximately equal to the Earth, and its larger diameter is relatively larger than the diameter of the Earth.

It is interesting to establish the initial connection with the planet directly, namely, the process of transferring from the optical part of the spectrum to the radio wave, one can see the radiation of the planet’s magnetic field formed in a powerful magnetosphere. So, the first information about this radiation was received from Pioneer-10 on March 12, 1973, after which all models were equipped with a powerful safety system against strong electromagnetic radiation, but the next obstacle is a powerful atmosphere, even more significant in its danger than the danger of the electromagnetic background.

For the first time, the Galileo spacecraft succeeded in penetrating the planet’s atmosphere on December 8, 1995, when its expedition was launched and for 8 years this device has been transmitting information about the analysis of both the planet itself and satellites. So, its first satellite Io is a very tectonic space object with a large number of volcanoes and slightly larger than the Moon, in contrast to the calm and snowy Europe, under which there is supposed to be a huge ocean. There are suggestions that real life can live in this liquid icy water.

But neither Io nor Europa have a magnetic field, as Ganymede is the largest satellite not only among the moons of Jupiter, but also among all the satellites in the Solar System. Returning to the atmosphere of Jupiter itself, it is worth believing that his research was carried out by Galileo, or rather by his atmospheric probe, which turned on at an altitude of 350,000 kilometers above the clouds of Jupiter and after 6 hours at a speed of 48 km/s he touched the atmosphere of the planet and spent 57 seconds only on the braking process.

Its sensors detect a sharply increasing temperature value, which reaches values of 16,000 degrees Celsius. The exhaust parachute helps by reducing the speed to 120 m / s and this happens only in the upper layers of the atmosphere, which was higher in magnitude only at the beginning, and in small subsequent layers is equal to the Earth’s atmosphere. The second main parachute also opens, reducing the speed to 27 m / s, which also reduces the temperature, after which the most important information about the structure of Jupiter’s atmosphere is transmitted within an hour, the overall temperature is also measured, a huge number of lightning is recorded, which are very common in such dense clouds of the planet. In addition, data on the energy received from the Sun is recorded, with a comparison of the energy, the emitter of which is the core of the planet.

At a depth of 180 km, at a temperature of 150 degrees Celsius and a pressure of 2,300,000 Gpa, which is comparable to an atmospheric pressure of 101,325 Pa in 22.7 atmospheres, the radio transmitter overheats and the device stops transmitting information. However, it continues its flight for several hours, the temperature and pressure begin to rise, leading to the fact that it eventually melts and evaporates in the vast atmosphere of the planet, turning into a part of it.

Galileo ended its existence, having received the same fate after 8 years of incessant service. But it is worth saying that this is only the beginning of the journey and the time will come when it will be possible to talk about creating more powerful devices equipped with new nuclear engines using thermonuclear or resonant nuclear reactions. The energy obtained from such energy sources will be sufficient to penetrate to a greater depth, supporting a thicker shell structure capable of withstanding higher atmospheric pressures, while continuing to penetrate into the deep layers of the atmosphere. In addition, paying attention to the chemical composition of Jupiter, which is dominated by hydrogen, nitrogen and some other gaseous compounds, there is a huge ocean of liquid hydrogen, which subsequently turns into a solid core.

There is also a further analysis of the planet, along with consideration of the possibility of participating in the role of a passenger in a spacecraft of this type – a human. Full-fledged installations could be developed that can receive energy from lightning, even if necessary, the number of which is simply huge, not to mention ultrafast winds, which can already be used not for wind generators, but for full-fledged ion engines or, more precisely, ion generators. Among all the above, the real challenge for human civilization, like the conquest of Mount Everest, remains the conquest of the «Big Red Spot» until it has transformed its existence, because if we compare even the data obtained at the beginning of the last century, the power and size of the largest hurricane in the system decrease every time. From the above it can be seen that achieving the set results is quite realistic and possible, which in turn will bring human civilization and its capabilities to a new level.

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STUDY OF THE CONTROL PROPERTIES OF POLYCRYSTALLINE STRUCTURES BASED ON SILICON AND CADMIUM TELLURIDE

UDC 544.22

Salim Madrahimovich Otajonov

Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor of the Department of «Professional Education» of the Faculty of Physics and Technology of Fergana State University

Alimov Nodir Esonalievich

Doctor of Philosophy in Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Lecturer at the Department of Physics, Faculty of Physics and Technology, Ferghana State University

Botirov Qodir Abdullayevich

Lecturer of the Department of «Professional Education» of the Faculty of Physics and Technology of Ferghana State University

Ferghana State University, Ferghana, Uzbekistan

Annotation. In this paper, the photoelectric properties of CdTe – SiO2 – Si heterostructures are investigated. For the first time, the possibility of controlling the spectrum of short – circuit current and photo-EMF using an integrated charge in a dielectric (SiO2) has been demonstrated. It was found that with an increase in the corona discharge potential, the spectra will mix into the short – wavelength regions of the spectrum from 0.93 to 1.5 eV, while the activation energy of the deep level of 0.73 eV changes significantly and this change occurs due to the Poole-Frenkel effect. It is found that the electric field strength in the vicinity of the defect is ? = 105 V/cm.

Keywords: photoconductivity, PHOTOEMF, spectral distribution of photosensitivity, short-circuit current, asymmetry of barriers, surface photo-EMF, deep levels, impurity photoconductivity, corona discharge.

Аннотация. В данной работе исследованы фотоэлектрические свойства гетероструктур на основе CdTe – SiO

 – Si. Впервые продемонстрирована возможность управления спектра тока короткого замыкания и фото – ЭДС при помощи встроенного заряда в диэлектрике (SiO

). Установлено, что с увеличением потенциала коронного разряда спектры смешается в коротковолновые области спектра от 0,93 до 1,5 эВ, при этом существенно изменяется энергии активации глубокого уровня 0,73 эВ и это изменение возникает за счёт эффекта Пула – Френкеля. Найдено, напряжённость электрического поля в окрестности дефекта ? = 10

 В/см.

Ключевые слова: фотопроводимость, фото-ЭДС, спектральное распределение фоточувствительности, ток короткого замыкания, асимметрия барьеров, поверхностная фото-ЭДС, глубокие уровни, примесная фотопроводимость, коронный разряд.

Introduction

The development of micro – nano electronics and new technological possibilities for the manufacture of complex semiconductor structures stimulate further study of new optical and photovoltaic phenomena in active film elements.

Currently, oxides and nitrides of semiconductors and semiconductor films grown on their surfaces are widely used in the manufacture of multichannel photovoltaic converters and other active elements of microelectronics circuits, and in particular, optoelectronics. In this case, it is possible to obtain high-quality and dielectric layers of semiconductors with deep levels. At the same time, it is easier and cheaper to use polycrystalline films sprayed on amorphous substrates rather than epitaxial ones.