Historical paradoxes. Collection of scientific articles

On March 16, the Vienna offensive operation of the troops of the 3rd Ukrainian Front began, the operation lasted until April 15.

On March 25, Allied troops crossed the Rhine. The troops of the 2nd Ukrainian Front launched the Bratislava-Brno offensive operation in Czechoslovakia, it lasted until May 5. Fierce fighting continues in the Baltic States, the 3rd Belorussian Front has carried out three military operations against enemy troops in East Prussia.

On March 30, during fierce fighting, Soviet troops took Danzig (now Gdansk in Poland).

April 1945

On April 1, the completion of the liquidation by the troops of the 1st Ukrainian Front after a long siege of the encircled garrison of the Nazis and the occupation of the fortress city of Glogau on the Oder River.

On April 4, the Allies surrounded 21 German divisions in the «Ruhr pocket». Soviet troops took Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia. The completion by the troops of the 2nd and 3rd Ukrainian fronts of the liberation from the German invaders of the entire territory of Hungary.

On April 5, the USSR denounced the non-aggression pact with Japan.

On April 6, Soviet troops reached the outskirts of Vienna.

On April 9, the four-day operation to capture Konigsberg ended, the garrison capitulated.

April 11 death of Roosevelt. He was succeeded as President of the United States by G. Truman.

On April 13, Soviet troops took Vienna, the capital of Austria.

On April 16, the Berlin operation began with the troops of the 1st and 2nd Belorussian and 1st Ukrainian fronts.

On April 18, British Prime Minister Churchill sent troops under Montgomery to Lubeck to prevent the occupation of Denmark by Soviet troops. Soviet troops broke through all three defensive lines on the outskirts of Berlin.

On April 25, the UN Constituent Assembly in San Francisco with the participation of representatives of 46 states. Adoption of the UN Charter. The troops of the 1st Ukrainian Front crossed the Elbe and met with American troops near the city of Torgau. Soviet troops completed the encirclement of Berlin.

On April 28, Italian partisans executed Mussolini.

April 29 the surrender of German troops in Italy.

April 30, Hitler’s suicide. Grand Admiral Doenitz replaced Hitler as head of the German state. Occupation by Soviet troops of the Reichstag building in Berlin, on which the Victory Banner is hoisted!

May 1945

On May 1, Order No. 20 of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief I.V. Stalin was issued in connection with the celebration of May 1. Soviet troops took the city of Brandenburg.

On May 2, the capture of Berlin by the troops of the 1st Belorussian and 1st Ukrainian fronts was completed.

On May 3, the anti-fascist uprising began in Prague.

On May 4, the German troops completely stopped fighting against the Anglo-American troops and continued their desperate resistance to the Soviet offensive.

On May 5, the occupation of the German naval base – the port city of Svinemunde by the troops of the 2nd Belorussian Front.

On May 6, the occupation of the fortress city of Breslau by the troops of the 1st Ukrainian Front.

On May 7, the troops of the 1st Belorussian Front left for the Elbe River.

On May 8, the signing took place by representatives of the German High Command in Karlhorst (a suburb of Berlin) the act of unconditional surrender of the German armed forces. Celebration of Victory Day in Europe. Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR declaring May 9 a Victory Day. Occupation by the troops of the 1st Ukrainian Front of the city of Dresden. The cessation of resistance by the Kurland grouping of German troops, surrounded off the coast between the cities of Tukums and Libava. Liberation of the city of Olomouc.

ON MAY 9, THE SOVIET PEOPLE UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY VICTORIOUSLY ENDED THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR, DEFEATING HITLER’S GERMANY AND ITS SATELLITES!

In accordance with the Act of Unconditional Surrender of Germany on May 8, 1945 from 23 h. 01 min. according to the Central European time, all military operations ceased. According to Moscow time, this corresponded to 1 h. 01 min. on May 9. In Western countries, the celebration takes place on May 8. Modern bourgeois historians downplay and belittle the contribution of the USSR to the victory, claiming that the main force that defeated Nazi Germany was the American-British troops. I.V. Stalin’s address to the people on the radio in connection with the victory over Nazi Germany. Order of the Supreme Commander I. V. Stalin in connection with the victorious end of the Great Patriotic War. Termination of resistance of a group of German troops near the mouth of the Vistula River and on the Putziger-Nerung spit (northeast of Gdynia). Liberation by the troops of the 1st Ukrainian Front of the capital of Czechoslovakia – the city of Prague. Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the establishment of the medal «For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War of 1941—1945.

««The campaigns conducted by the Red Army played a decisive role in the defeat of Germany.»

Dwight D. Eisenhower, Commander-in-chief of the Allied Armed Expeditionary Forces in Europe.

This is the joy of victory and the triumph of the winners, whose great feat will forever remain in the memory of posterity.

«Russia has accomplished a great military feat… Russia, in a heavy single combat almost one-on-one with the advancing Hitlerite armies, took on the full force of the German blow and stood. We, the British, will never forget the feat of Russia.» Bernard Montgomery, Field Marshal of Great Britain.

Fascist Germany recognized itself defeated and agreed to unconditional surrender. On May 8, representatives of the German Fascist command signed an act of surrender in Berlin, the last act of the great tragedy that befell the peoples of Europe and, if not for the steadfastness and heroism of the Red Army, could have become a catastrophe for the peoples of the whole earth. Marshal of the Soviet Union G. K. Zhukov accepted the surrender from the Soviet Supreme Command.

No holiday has been marked with such genuine national rejoicing as this one, because it was the Victory of 1945. And, probably, people did not cry like that on any holiday, because they were not only tears of joy, but also tears for those who did not live to see this great day. It really was «a holiday with tears in my eyes, joy with gray hair on my temples.» And it is also a celebration of peace on earth, peace that the Soviet people won at the cost of huge losses.

On May 10, the entry of Soviet troops into the city of Vindava (Ventspils). Full occupation of the Putziger-Nerung spit and the Courland Peninsula.

On May 11, Soviet troops occupied Bornholm Island in the Baltic. Completion of the liquidation of the remnants of resisting enemy troops in Czechoslovakia.

May 15 is the last battle in Europe. The Yugoslav army near the town of Dravograd destroyed the remnants of the Germans and the Croatian Ustashe. The end of the reception of German Fascist troops surrendering on the entire Soviet front – «the reception of captured German soldiers on all fronts is over»: the latest summary of the Sovinformburo.

On May 24, Stalin’s speech at a reception in the Kremlin in honor of the commanders of the Red Army (a toast to the health of the Soviet and, above all, the Russian people).

«I raise a toast to the health of the Russian people not only because he is a leading people, but also because he has a clear mind, a steadfast character and patience… the trust of the Russian people in the Soviet government turned out to be the decisive force that ensured a historic victory over the enemy of humanity, fascism.» Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, Supreme Commander.

MILESTONES

Facts of biography, not very well known

Adolf Hitler (he never bore his father’s surname Schicklgruber) was born on April 20, 1889 in the small town of Braunau on the Inn River, on the border of Austria and Germany. His parents were 52-year-old Austrian customs officer Alois Schicklgruber and 20-year-old peasant Clara Pelzl. Both branches of his family came from Waldviertel (Lower Austria), a remote area where small peasant communities were engaged in labor. The gravestone from the grave of Hitler’s parents was removed in Austria in Braunau in 2012, as this place has recently increasingly become an object of pilgrimage for neo-Nazis and their sympathizers, the German news agency DPA reports.

Hitler’s grandfather Johann Georg Gidler, who worked for hire at the mills, met a peasant girl Anna Maria Schicklgruber, who at that time served as a housekeeper in Graz. In 1837 Anna gave birth to her son Alois, and only five years later Johann Gidler and Anna Maria got married. Alois bore the surname Schicklgruber until 1876, until he officially changed it – since he was brought up in the house of his uncle Johann Nepomuk Gidler – to Hitler. Alois was married three times. His third wife, Klara Pelzl, was 23 years younger than him and gave birth to five children, only two of whom reached adulthood – Adolf and his younger sister Paula.

Adolf Hitler’s mother Klara was a quiet, hardworking woman, she kept a tidy household and tried in every way to please her husband. Adolf loved his patient mother, and she, in turn, considered him a beloved child, even though, according to her, he was «crazy.» She assured him that he was not like other children, but despite all her love, Adolf grew up a dissatisfied and touchy child. Psychologically, she subconsciously shaped him, as if compensating for her own unhappy family life. Adolf was afraid of his strict father, a domineering and quarrelsome man who subordinated children to his own cruel outlook on life. Unhappy and lonely, thrice unsuccessfully married Alois Hitler sought solace in drinking.

More than once, young Adolf had to lead his tipsy parent home. Later, he recalled his father as a drunken sadist who squandered family money. This sullen and hot-tempered despot constantly made the children feel the power of his stick or belt. Alois shouted at his son, humiliated him and constantly punished him. There was a huge tension between the two irreconcilable characters. Probably, Hitler’s subsequent fierce hatred stemmed from hatred of his own father, who was partly Jewish – «Micheling». Hitler’s paternal grandfather was Jewish, Walter Langer wrote about this back in 1972 in the book «The Consciousness of Adolf Hitler» (W. Langer, «The Mind of Adolf Hitler. The Secret Wartime report», N.Y., 1972).

«Hitler was worried that he might be blackmailed because of his Jewish grandfather, and ordered his personal lawyer Hans Frank to check his paternal pedigree. Frank did this and told the Fuhrer that his grandmother got pregnant while working as a servant in a Jewish house in Graz.» During World War II, it was a report to US President Roosevelt and had secret access. Langer also claimed that «all analysts believe that Hitler is probably a neurotic psychopath on the verge of schizophrenia. This means that he is not crazy in the conventional sense of the word, but is a neurotic who lacks restraining reflexes.» In 1895, at the age of six, Adolf entered a folk school in the town of Fischlham, near Linz. Two years later, being a very religious woman, his mother sent him to Lambach, to the parish school of the Benedictine monastery, after which, she hoped, her son would eventually become a priest. But he was expelled from school, found smoking in the monastery garden.

Then the family moved to Leonding, a suburb of Linz, where young Adolf immediately excelled in his studies. He stood out among his comrades for his perseverance, turning out to be a leader in all children’s games. In 1900—1904. he attended a real school in Linz, and in 1904—1905 in Steyr. In October 1907, 18-year-old Adolf left his terminally ill mother with cancer and went to Vienna to find his way in life. But he suffered a terrible setback – he failed the entrance exams to the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts. It was a terrible blow to his ego, from which he never recovered, considering «these stupid professors» to be guilty of what happened. In December 1908, his mother died, which was another shock in his life. For the next five years, he supported himself with odd jobs, alms, or selling his sketches. Every day he walked around the cafe, made sketches and tried to sell drawings to buy food. Unshaven, with long hair and beard, in a dirty black bowler hat and a long coat that almost reached the ground, he looked like a downtrodden tramp.

In Vienna he learned to hate. Rejecting the theory of Karl Marx, he remained faithful to anti-Marxism for the rest of his life. Under the influence of Karl Luger’s writings, young Adolf began to hate Jews as «rats, parasites and bloodsuckers.» Jews, he decided, unite with Marxists to destroy the world. «If the Jews, with the help of Marxists, win over the world, it will mean death for humanity.» In addition, he began to despise democracy and found relief only in dreams of a great and glorious Germany, which would become a great country after the overthrow of the weak Habsburg. By this time he had become interested in mysticism and the occult. In tiny cafes, Adolf made political speeches against those he hated. The audience began to listen to the sickly annoying young man with a hypnotizing look.

He left Vienna in May 1913 and moved to Munich, Germany. But even here he remained depressed and embittered, lonely and a stranger in the midst of a cheerful and bustling capital city. Military service. In February 1914, Adolf Hitler was summoned to Austria to conduct a medical examination for fitness for military service. But, as «too weak and unfit to serve in the army,» he was released. When the war broke out in August 1914, he asked the King of Bavaria to enlist in his army. He was assigned to the 16th Bavarian Infantry Regiment, recruited mainly from student volunteers. But only after a few weeks of training he was sent to the front.

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