Historical paradoxes. Collection of scientific articles

Historical paradoxes. Collection of scientific articles
Андрей Тихомиров

The Greek word “paradox” means “unexpected, strange”, from the point of view of history, this is an unexpected, unusual, divergent statement from the traditional point of view, which is confirmed by proven scientific research and is applicable to various historical incidents (cases). Various facts, events and processes are investigated on the basis of historical sources that provide scientific data.

Historical paradoxes

Collection of scientific articles

Андрей Тихомиров

© Андрей Тихомиров, 2022

ISBN 978-5-0059-2797-2

Created with Ridero smart publishing system

1. 2015 year of the Goat

This year according to the Eastern calendar is considered the year of the Goat (Goat) or Sheep (Aries). The Chinese name is «I-wei», the Korean is «yl-mi», the Japanese is «kinoto-hitsuji», this is the 32nd number of the cyclic year, the cycle of 1984—2043, the element is a tree, the planet is Jupiter, the color is green (blue), the element, the planet, the color, as in 2014. These data are not taken from astrological tables (astrology is a pseudoscience that uses scientific data from astronomy, physiology, political science, psychology and other sciences, seasoning them with references to space objects), but from the scientific monograph «Calendar customs and rituals of the peoples of East Asia. New Year», published in the publishing house «Nauka» (Moscow, 1985)

Meanwhile, these animals (in many peoples, these animals, relatively similar to each other, merge into a kind of community) are sacred, totemic to this day. And in ancient times they were deified. For example, Azael (Azazel) among the ancient Jews is the spirit of the desert in the form of a goat. On the Yom Kippur holiday, the priest transferred the sins of all the people to the goat and released him into the desert to Azazel, hence the expression «scapegoat».

It is characteristic that in Arabic fairy tales and folk legends Satan-Shaitan is endowed with other stable names and epithets, such as Azazil, al-marid (rebellious, rebellious), al-hannas (disappearing, retreating, at the mention of the name of Allah) and al-wasuas (instigating, tempting). The naming of Shaitan Azazil undoubtedly came from the Judeo-Christian tradition, where in the Bible Azazel (a variant of Azazil) is used only in the context of describing the ritual of the «day of atonement» (Yom Kippur). According to biblical beliefs, Azazel’s habitat was the desert. It is known that the desert in the minds of the peoples of the Near and Middle East is associated with the habitat of evil spirits. The meaning of the name Azazil (Azazil) can be translated as «a strong, powerful deity». Walpurgisnacht (Walpurgisnacht), – the night of the first of May is the night of witches who, riding on brooms, cats or goats, arrive at the witches’ abbey on the Bloksberg mountain in the Harz to dance with the devil.

A similar character to the devil in ancient Greek myths is pan, originally the god of flocks, the patron of shepherds, then of all nature (from Greek. pan – everything), was depicted as a man with goat horns, hooves and beard (i.e. he was a goat, a goat is a deified animal, now a curse, a tragedy – from Greek. «song of goats», possibly «combining» a goat with monkeys and other animals), it corresponds to the Roman Faun. According to myths, pan, accompanied by nymphs, wandered through the mountains, collected herds with the sounds of a pipe and songs, punished those who disturbed his peace, sending them unreasonable fear (hence the word «panic»).

The tragedy dates back to the primitive cult ritual dedicated to the god of fertility Dionysus, the tragedy arose from lyrical poetry or dithyrambs performed by a choir consisting of Dionysus’ companions – satyrs, who were called goats. Bes – in the ancient Egyptian religion, the god of fun and dancing. The word «devil» goes back to the ancient Greek «diabolos» – slanderer. The word is formed from the preposition «dia» – there and the verb «ballo» – I throw. The Greek «Satanas» is borrowed from the Hebrew «Satan» – the enemy, a similar term in Arabic is «Shaitan». The word «demon», which remained in the Russian language mainly as a designation of an insidious, evil person, comes from the ancient Greek «daimon» – god, spirit, evil spirit.

All these quite normal words in monotheistic religions (suddenly!) they became bad, denoting forces hostile to man, it is very easy to explain – these words denoted some deified forces from the period of polytheism, and polytheism opposed monotheism, therefore monotheistic religions in every possible way discredited the «divine» concepts of polytheism.

An interesting variant of the origin of the word «devil» (previously written «devil»), most likely from the words «devil», «draw», from the line that believers drew from «evil spirits». In Gogol’s novella «Viy», the philosopher drew a circle around himself so that no «evil force» could penetrate behind him. This idea goes back to ancient times, when man, like many animals today, marked his territory, and the penetration of other creatures for it was punishable by death. Satyrs, devils, and other representatives of the «evil forces» are someone other than people disguised in animal skins, including sheep, goats, wolves (shamans, werewolves). They threw off these skins and «became» people again. The then emerging human thinking perceived this as a kind of magical action (as modern children perceive Santa Claus, Snow Maiden, etc.), later under Christianity it became a bad demonic phenomenon and was persecuted.

No fluff, no feather – that is, nothing, but in the modern context it means wishing good luck, in ancient times it was a kind of deception of forest and water spirits necessary for successful hunting or fishing, the answer was also a deception – «to hell with it!», spirits lose vigilance, because they decide that the hunter after such a wish, nothing will be obtained – neither an animal nor a bird. «Good riddance!», initially it was the opposite of a greeting, when a kind of tablecloth – path was spread out for the greeter.

Researchers suggest that the toponym Sakmara (the area of the Southern Urals – Volga) has an Iranian-speaking origin, that is, it belongs to the Savromato-Sarmatian tribes. In this regard, the close toponym Samara gives a hint – the left-bank tributary of the Volga, whose upper reaches are 40 km from the confluence of the Urals and Sakmara. There are also rivers with the name Samara in the basins of the Don and Dnieper, as well as on the border of steppe and forest-steppe landscapes. Of the numerous versions about the origin of the toponym Sakmara, there is also one: translated from the Iranian languages, it means «sheep river» («shu» -«sheep», «mara» -«big river»). Apparently, during seasonal migrations from south to north, herds of nomadic sheep were concentrated on the banks of these rivers. Here they found excellent pastures and watering places, good conditions for lambing sheep and raising young animals.

Interesting comparisons can be made with the ancient Egyptian supreme deity Amon-Ra, who was the sun god, depicted as a calf or a ram, because in Latin (ancient Indo-European language, in German Indogermanen – Indogermans) aries – «aries, ram».

The rituals of veneration of Tengri Khan (God the Father) in the steppes of the Urals-Altai were quite strict and complex, prayers were long and cleansing the soul. They, too, in many ways resembled the religious traditions of the East. For example, water baptism, which looked like a complete triple immersion, and a religious meal were mandatory. The Epiphany was considered the biggest holiday.

The holiday fell on December 25, when, after the winter solstice, the day begins to arrive and the Man-heaven – Tengri Khan – went out into the world (originally Christmas was celebrated as a triple feast of baptism, birth, epiphany.). On this day, it was supposed to bring Christmas trees to the house – a message from the more ancient god Yer-su, who was worshipped by the Altai peoples about three thousand years ago, long before meeting Tengri Khan. The Asian peoples brought the custom of honoring spruce to Eastern and Central Europe, where they were thrown by the wave of the Great Migration of Peoples.

In the valleys of the Danube, Dnieper, Don, Volga, this holiday has certainly existed since the time of Attila. In Western Europe, it began to be celebrated in this form only in the XIX century. It should be remembered that the Slavs and Romans considered oak a sacred tree, the Finns – birch, the Greeks – olive, and the southern Germans – spruce. The first mention of a Christmas tree is found in the Alsatian chronicles of 1500. The decoration of Christmas trees for the New Year in Russia was banned during World War I by the tsarist government, as it was supposedly a German custom, in fact it dates back to the ancient times of the veneration of evergreens and trees.

In the Avestan (Zoroastrian) teaching about the end of the world – Frashkard, very reminiscent of the Apocalypse, sheep (rams) are mentioned: «Who was righteous and who was sinful – everyone will rise in the place where he met his death. The sun will shine with renewed vigor, half of its radiance will go to Gaia Martan, and half to the rest of humanity. The bodies and souls of the resurrected recognize each other. The husband recognizes the wife, the children of the parents, and the relatives of each other. And those who were lonely in a previous life will now find their family.» So, everyone – both the righteous and sinners – will rise again and rejoice, having regained their lost loved ones. And then a Sadvastaran meeting will take place, and their good and evil thoughts, speeches and deeds will be demonstrated to everyone. And sinners will look there like a white sheep among the blacks…» (speaking in Russian, like a white crow). And Jesus Christ is the lamb of God, and the lamb is a lamb (baby sheep), the firstborn in the flock, which was used as a sacrificial animal.

Arias, hence the name «Iran» from «Arians», aries from Latin – a ram, aries, a totemic animal of the ancient Indo-Europeans. Arkaim is represented by a giant wheel with a diameter of 180 meters with two circles of powerful walls: external and internal.

Especially impressive is the five-meter-thick outer wall, built of soil and having an internal gallery. On the outside, a deep ditch was dug around the wall. The inner moat is covered with a log flooring, possibly representing a storm sewer. Dwellings were located from the walls towards the central square. These houses were quite large: up to 20 meters long and more than 6 meters wide, where, according to experts, up to 50 people could be accommodated. In each house there were hearths, wells, pits for storing food, rooms for individual families. The floor was covered with a solid layer of lime mortar. In total, the settlement could accommodate up to two and a half thousand people. The inhabitants had a lot of cattle, especially horses – slender, thin-legged, fast, harnessed to war chariots, these ancient «tanks» of the Eurasian steppes. The production of bronze products has reached a high degree of perfection. It is believed that they diverged from here to very remote places. Most scientists believe that these are ancient Aryans, Indo-Aryans, that is, the peoples of the Iranian group of languages.

Magi or magicians were called Persian (Zoroastrian) priests. «When Jesus was born in Bethlehem in the days of King Herod, the magi came to Jerusalem from the east,» says the Gospel of Matthew. From the east – from Parthia (Iran), where the main religion at that time was Zoroastrianism. They carried out a sacred mission, seeking to expand the influence of their religion among the Jews to fight against Rome.

It is believed that by offering gold, frankincense and myrrh to the newborn Jesus, the magi honored him as a king, high priest and sacrifice. But the same gifts symbolize the three dominant castes of Zoroastrian society and three types of varna (in Sanskrit, «Varna» – letters – «quality», «color», the four main classes in Ancient India, the dominant position in society was occupied by Brahmins, Kshatriyas and Vaishyas, the Sudras were a caste of inferior, dependent people). Similarly, in Zoroastrianism, the hvarna of the priest, the hvarna of the ruler and the hvarna of the warrior stood out. The symbol of royal charisma is gold, priestly – frankincense, military – myrrh, because warriors sacrifice themselves in the name of peace.

At that time, various dualistic religious teachings were spread in Parthia (Iran), considering the world as a struggle between the good principle led by the god Ormazd and his spirits and the evil principle led by the god Ahriman and his demons (devas). These teachings associated with the name of Zarathustra have not yet received final formalization. Later they received a dogmatic form in the Avesta books recognized as sacred and in this form became known as Zoroastrianism. The religion of Mithraism (the god Mithra) is also connected with Iran, which in the first centuries of the existence of Christianity was a serious competitor to it. Myths, the appearance of Mithras himself, the cult of Mithraism largely coincides with mythology, the cult of Christianity. Suffice it to say that the birth of the god Mithras was widely celebrated in the Roman Empire on December 25.

Initially, Christmas was celebrated on January 6, along with epiphany and epiphany, only in the IV century, when Christianity became the dominant religion in Rome, it was postponed to December 25 to displace the cult of Mithras. Syncretism was characteristic of the top of Parthian society, expressed in the fusion of local and Hellenic gods. In general, the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia (247 BC – 224 AD) was distinguished by broad religious tolerance, unlike the later Sassanid dynasty, who were zealous advocates of pure Zoroastrianism. In the I century A.D. Zoroastrianism is being reformed in Parthia, ancient texts are being collected, and one of the oldest editions of the Avesta is being created. During its greatest heyday, the Parthian Kingdom stretched from Babylonia through Iran to the Indus Valley. The Parthian kingdom ceased to exist around 224, when the Sassanid state emerged.

So sheep, rams are our closest animals, helping people at all times.

2. 1945 chronicle

January 1945

On January 6, the Supreme Commander of the USSR, Stalin, receives a letter from British Prime Minister Churchill with a request to accelerate the start of the Soviet offensive, since the allies (Anglo-American troops faced the threat of a second Dunkirk, that is, encirclement, as in 1940) were in a difficult situation in the Ardennes. Therefore, despite the bad weather, on January 12, instead of the planned January 20, a major winter offensive of Soviet troops begins in East Prussia, Western Poland and Silesia, called the Vistula-Oder offensive operation of the Red Army. Already on January 17, as a result of the Warsaw-Poznan operation, the troops of the 1st Belorussian Front, together with the 1st Army of the Polish Army, liberated Warsaw, and on January 18, Soviet troops entered Silesia on the territory of Germany. On January 19, the troops of the 2nd Belorussian Front entered the territory of East Prussia, and the troops of the 1st Belorussian Front liberated the city of Lodz in Poland.

On January 20, an armistice agreement was signed in Moscow between the USSR, the United States and Great Britain on the one hand and German ally Hungary on the other. Hungary capitulated.

January 23 – forced retreat of German troops. Elimination of the Ardennes «salient» on the western front.

On January 26, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on awarding Leningrad with the Order of Lenin was published.

On January 27, the Auschwitz concentration camp was liberated by Soviet troops. There were less than 3 thousand people alive there, and, according to various sources, from 1.5 to 4 million people died in it.

On January 30, the Soviet submarine S-13 under the command of A.I. Marinesko sank the fascist liner Wilhelm Gustlov, on board of which there were more than 8 thousand Nazis.

On January 31, the vanguard of the 5th Shock Army crossed the Oder and captured the town of Kinitz. The appearance of Soviet troops here, 70 kilometers from Berlin, turned out to be a complete surprise for the Germans. But the further advance of the troops to Berlin was prevented by the threat of their encirclement by the Germans. Meanwhile, the Western allies are conducting separate negotiations with the Nazis in Bern (Switzerland), seeking to find a compromise with them.

Workers drop a sign installed by Fascist occupiers at the Kramatorsk plant in Donbass

February 1945

Finally surrounded by a group of Nazis in the area of Konigsberg. On February 4—11, the Yalta (Crimean) Conference of the heads of government of the three Allied powers took place: I.V. Stalin (USSR), F.D. Roosevelt (USA) and W. Churchill (England). Joint military plans were determined, as well as the post-war structure of Europe. The USSR agreed to enter the war against Japan 2—3 months after the end of the war in Europe.

The troops of the 1st Ukrainian Front during the Lower Silesian operation advanced more than 100 km and captured one of the most important military-industrial areas – Lower Silesia and reached the line along the Neisse River to complete the strike in the Berlin direction. Fierce fighting in the area of Breslau (Wroclaw). The East Pomeranian operation began, during which they captured Eastern Pomerania and the Baltic coast from Danzig (Gdansk) to the Pomeranian Bay. On February 13, Budapest was liberated by Soviet troops after repelling a German counteroffensive near Lake Balaton.

On February 18, during the completion of the Western Carpathian military operation, the troops of the 4th and 2nd Ukrainian fronts defeated 17 divisions and one brigade of fascists and liberated most of Slovakia and the southern regions of Poland. On February 19, the Allies broke through the German «Western Wall» on the Luxembourg border, and the Americans landed on the Japanese island of Iwo Jima.

On February 26—27, the deputy commander of the Bandera Ukrainian Insurgent army (UPA) Mayevsky and other leaders of the Bandera met with the Soviet representative to negotiate the conditions for ending the armed struggle.

March 1945

On March 4, Finland declared war on Germany. After a month-long siege and fierce street battles with the Japanese, the Americans captured Manila (Philippines).

On March 5, conscripts born in 1929, that is, 16-year-olds, begin to be recruited into the German army.

On March 6, the Balaton defensive operation of the Red Army began, the troops of the 3rd Ukrainian Front, reflecting the counteroffensive of German troops, began to defend in the area of Lake Balaton in Hungary. lasting until March 15.

On March 9, 84,000 Tokyo civilians were killed during the American bombing.