Abantu b’omu Afrika

Abantu b’omu Afrika
Андрей Тихомиров

Omuwendo gw’abantu ku ssemazinga wa Afrika gwa njawulo nnyo mu nnimi n’ebyenfuna n’obuwangwa. Ennimi z’abantu mu Afirika zisobola okwawulwamu ebibinja ebikulu bino wammanga: 1) Semitic-Hamitic; 2) ebibinja by'ennimi ebiwerako ebitudde ekitundu okuva mu maserengeta ga Sahara okutuuka ku mutwe gw'amazzi ga Kiyira era nga emabegako byateekebwa mu kibinja kya "Abasudan"; ebitabo by’abakugu mu nnimi ebisembyeyo bikakasizza nti ennimi zino teziraga kumpi nnyo, era ezimu ku zo ziri kumpi n’ennimi z’Ababantu; 3) Bantu mu bukiikaddyo bwa ssemazinga; 4) ekibinja ekitono eky’Abakhoi-san mu South Afrika; 5) omuwendo gw’abantu ku kizinga Madagascar, olulimi lwabwe lwe luli mu kibinja ky’Abamalayo-Polynesia; 6) Abazungu abafuzi b’amatwale ne bazzukulu baabwe.

Андрей Тихомиров

Abantu b’omu Afrika

Okusinziira ku nkyusa emu, ekigambo "Africa" kiva mu linnya ly'ekika ky'Ababerber Afrigia, ekyabeeranga mu bukiikakkono bwa ssemazinga wa Afrika, waaliwo n'essaza ly'Abaruumi erya Afrika. Essaza ly’Abaruumi erya Afrika lyatondebwawo Rooma mu mwaka gwa 146 BC. e. mu kifo awaali essaza ly’e Carthage, eryali likwata ekitundu eky’obukiikakkono bw’amaserengeta ga Tunisia ey’omulembe guno. Ku mulembe gw’Obwakabaka, Afrika yali ya masaza ga senate era nga yafugibwa proconsul. Omulembe gw’Obwakabaka gumanyiddwa olw’okukulaakulana kw’enkola y’ebibuga. Ebibuga byafuna eddembe ly’amatwale ne munisipaali. Omutendera ogusinga obunene mu bibuga byali bafuzi b’amatwale Abaruumi n’abakulu abaali bafuuse Abaruumi mu bantu b’omu kitundu ekyo. Mu by’obuwangwa, mu kiseera ky’Obwakabaka, essaza lya Afrika lyakola kinene. Kyokka, abantu enzaalwa z’omu byalo baasigala nga bava mu lulimi Olulattini n’obuwangwa bw’Abaruumi. Mu kyasa eky’okuna-okutaano. kyafuuka ekitundu eky’obujeemu obw’amaanyi obw’abaddu n’empagi, ekyanafuya ennyo Obwakabaka bwa Rooma era ne buyamba okugwa. Mu kyasa eky’okutaano. Abamenyi b’amateeka baasenga mu Afrika. Mu kyasa eky’omukaaga. empula wa Byzantium Justinian yasobola okuzzaayo ekitundu ekiri ku lubalama lw’ennyanja, naye amaanyi ga Byzantium gaali matono. Mu kyasa eky’omusanvu Essaza lya Africa lyawambibwa Abawalabu.

Mu North Africa, emabega mu myaka lukumi 1 BC. e. waaliwo amawanga agawerako agetongodde: Carthage, eyatandikibwawo abagwiira okuva e Foenicia, abaali boogera olulimi lw’Abaseemu okumpi n’Olwebbulaniya, Mauritania ne Numidia, olwatondebwawo Abalibya. Oluvannyuma lw’okuwamba Carthage Abaruumi mu mwaka gwa 146 BC. e. amawanga gano, oluvannyuma lw’okulwanagana n’obukakanyavu, gaafuuka ebintu by’Abaruumi. Ng’ebula ebyasa bitono omulembe omupya tegunnabaawo, enkulaakulana y’ekibiina ky’ekibiina kyatandika ku ttaka lya Ethiopia ey’omulembe guno. Emu ku masaza agaakulaakulana wano – Aksum – yatuuka ku ntikko mu kyasa eky’okuna BC. n. e., ebintu bye mu maserengeta bwe byatuuka mu nsi ya Meroe mu kiwonvu kya Nile, ate mu buvanjuba – "Happy Arabia" (Yemen ey'omulembe guno). Mu myaka lukumi egy’okubiri era. e. amawanga ag’amaanyi gakulaakulana mu Western Sudan (Ghana, Mali, Songhai ne Bornu); oluvannyuma, amawanga gaatondebwawo ku lubalama lw’ennyanja Guinea (Ashanti, Dahomey, Congo, n’ebirala), mu maserengeta g’ennyanja Chad (amasaza g’abantu b’e Hausa) ne mu bitundu ebirala bingi ku lukalu lwa Afirika.

Ennimi z’abantu b’omu Tropical Africa, ezibeera mu bukiikaddyo bw’amaka g’Abasemitic-Hamitic, mu kiseera kino zitera okugattibwa mu maka abiri: Niger (Congo)-Kordofan ne Nilo-Saharan. Ekibinja kya Niger-Kordofanian kirimu ekibinja kya Niger-Congo – ebibinja ebisinga obungi era ebigatta: West Atlantic, Mande, Volts, Kwa, Benue-Congo ne Adamawa-Eastern. Abantu b’omu West Atlantic mulimu abantu abangi aba Fulbe ababeera mu bibinja eby’enjawulo kumpi mu mawanga gonna aga Western ne Central Sudan, Wolof ne Serep (Senegal), n’amalala.ebitundu ebya waggulu eby’emigga Senegal ne Niger (Guinea, Mali, n’ebirala. ), abantu b’e Volta (moy, loby, bobo, Senufo, n’ebirala) – mu Burkina Faso, Ghana n’amawanga amalala. Abantu b’e Kwa mulimu abantu abanene ab’oku lubalama lw’ennyanja Guinea ng’Abayoruba n’Abaibo (Nigeria), Abaaka (Ghana) n’Abaewe (Benin ne Togo); okumpi n’Abawere be bava emabega, ababeera mu bukiikaddyo era oluusi bayitibwa Dahomeans; ekifo ekyetongodde ekitono kibeera abantu aboogera ennimi (oba enjogera) ez’Abakru. Bano be Bakwe, Grebo, Krahn n’abantu abalala ababeera mu Liberia ne Ivory Coast (Ivory Coast). Ekibinja ekitono ekya Benue-Congo kikolebwa abantu bangi, edda nga kigambibwa nti kyava mu maka ga Bantu ag’enjawulo n’ekibinja ky’Ababantu ab’ebuvanjuba. Abantu b’e Bantu, abafaanagana ennyo mu nnimi n’obuwangwa, babeera mu nsi z’Amasekkati n’ekitundu mu Buvanjuba n’Obugwanjuba (Democratic Republic of the Congo (eyali Zaire), Angola, Tanzania, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa, n’ebirala). Bantu abakugu mu nnimi bazigabanyaamu ebibinja 15: 1st – duala, lupdu, fang, n’ebirala; Eky’okubiri -teke, mpongwe, kele; Ekyokusatu – bangi, pgala, mongo, tetelya; Eky’okuna – Rwanda, rundi; 5th – ganda, luhya, kikuyu, kamba; Ow’omukaaga-nyamwezi, nyatura; 7th – Oluswayiri, togo, hehe; Eky’omunaana – Kongo, ambundu; eky’omwenda-chokwe, luena; Eky’ekkumi-luba; Eky’ekkumi n’ekimu-bemba, fipa, tonga; 12 – Malawi 13 – Yao, Makonde, Makua; Eky’ekkumi n’ena – ovimbundu, ambo, herero; 15th – Shona, Suto, Zulu, Spit, Swazi, n'ebirala.

Ennimi z’Ababantu era zoogerwa ebibinja by’Abapygmy ab’omu Congo Basin (Efe, Basu A, Bambuti, n’ebirala), ebiseera ebisinga baawulwamu ng’abantu ab’enjawulo. Mu Bantus ab’ebuvanjuba n’amasekkati, olulimi Oluswayiri, olufunye okufugibwa okweyoleka okw’Oluwarabu, lufuuse lwa maanyi mu myaka egiyise, omuwendo gw’abo abaluyogera guli obukadde 60 (abantu b’Oluswayiri bali obukadde 1.9). Aba adamaua, ekibinja ekitono eky’ebuvanjuba, mulimu Abazande, Cham-Ba, Banda, n’abalala ababeera mu masekkati n’obuvanjuba bwa Sudan.

Ekibinja kya Kordofan, ekitono ennyo mu muwendo n’ettaka, kirimu abantu b’e Koalib, Tumtum, Tegali, Talodi ne Katla (Republic of Sudan).

Famire ya Nilo-Saharan ekiikirirwa ebibinja: Songhai, Sahara, Shari-Nile, awamu n’abantu babiri abaawukana mu nnimi Maba ne For (Fur). Aba Songhai mulimu aba Songhai yennyini, awamu n’aba Djerma n’aba Dandy, ababeera ku lubalama lw’ebitundu ebiri wakati mu Niger; eri ekibinja ky’Abasahara – kanuri, tuba (tibbu) ne zagava, nga babeera ku lubalama lw’ennyanja Chad ne mu Central Sahara. Ekibinja kya Shari-Nil ekisinga obukulu mu maka gano mulimu abantu b’e Sudan ab’ebuvanjuba (Dinka, Puer, Luo, Bari, Lotuko, Masai, Nuba, oba Nubians, n’ebirala), edda abaali mu maka ga Nilotic abetongodde; Abantu b’omu masekkati ga Sudan (Bagirmi, Morumadi), abantu ba Berta ne Kunama. Abantu b’ekibinja kino babeera mu bukiikakkono bwa Zaire ne mu bukiikaddyo bwa Sudan. Ennimi z’Abamorumadi zoogerwa ebika by’Abapygmy (Efe, Basua, n’ebirala).