Abantu Be-Afrika

Abantu Be-Afrika
Андрей Тихомиров

Abemi belizwekazi Le-Afrika bahluke kakhulu kulwimi, kwezoqoqosho nakwezenkcubeko. Iilwimi zabemi Base-Afrika zinokwahlulwa – hlulwa zibe ngamaqela aphambili alandelayo: 1) Isisemitic-Hamitic; 2) iqela leelwimi elihlala kumcu osuka entshona Yesahara ukuya kwiindawo eziphakamileyo Zomnayile kwaye ngaphambili lahlulwa njengeqela "Lesudan"; imisebenzi yakutshanje yeengcali zeelwimi iseke ukuba ezi lwimi azibonisi kusondelelana okukhethekileyo, kwaye ezinye zazo zikufuphi kwiilwimi Zebantu; 3) Abantu basemazantsi eli lizwekazi; 4) iqela elincinane le-koi-san Emzantsi Afrika; (5) abemi besiqithi Sasemadagascar, ulwimi lwabo lolweqela Lasemalayo-Polynesia; 6) amakoloni Aseyurophu kunye nenzala yabo.

Андрей Тихомиров

Abantu Be-Afrika

Ngokutsho kwenye inguqulelo, igama elithi "Afrika" livela kwigama lesizwe Saseberber saseafrigia, esasihlala kumntla welizwekazi Laseafrika, kwakukho nephondo laseroma laseafrika. Iphondo Laseroma Laseafrika lasekwa Yiroma ngo-146 BC kwisiza selizwe Lasecarthaginian, elalihlala kumantla ntshona Etunisia yanamhlanje. Ngexesha lobukhosi, I-Afrika yayililungu lamaphondo endlu yeengwevu kwaye yayilawulwa yirhuluneli. Ixesha Lobukhosi libonakaliswa ngokuchuma kwenkqubo yedolophu. Izixeko zafumana amalungelo eekoloni kunye noomasipala. Eyona nto yayibalasele kwezi zixeko yayingamakoloniyali Amaroma nabantu baseroma ababengabemi basekuhlaleni. Ngexesha Lobukhosi, ilizwe lase-Afrika ladlala indima enkulu. Noko ke, abantu bomthonyama basemaphandleni babengalwamkeli ulwimi lwesilatini nenkcubeko Yamaroma. Ngenkulungwane yesi-4 neyesi-5 . yaba ngummandla weemvukelo ezinkulu zamakhoboka namakoloniyali, nto leyo eyabenza buthathaka Kakhulu Ubukhosi Baseroma yaza yaba negalelo ekuweni kwayo. Kwinkulungwane yesi-5. I-Vandals yahlala E-Afrika. Ngenkulungwane ye-6, umlawuli Wasebyzantium Ujustinian wakwazi ukubuyela kunxweme, kodwa amandla Asebyzantium abuthathaka. Ngekhulu le-7 . Iphondo Laseafrika loyiswa Ngama-Arabhu.

Enyakatho Afrika, emva kwi-millennium bc, kwakukho amazwe amaninzi azimeleyo: Icarthage, eyasungulwa ngabantu basefenike abathetha ulwimi Lwesimitic kufuphi nesihebhere, Imauritania Kunye Nenumidia, eyadalwa Yilibyans. Ukulandela ukunqotshwa Kwecarthage Ngamaroma ngo-146 BC, la mazwe, emva komzabalazo onenkani, waba yinto Yamaroma. Kwiinkulungwane eziliqela ngaphambi kwexesha elitsha, ukuphuhliswa kwebutho leklasi kwaqala kwintsimi ye-Ethiopia yanamhlanje. Elinye lamazwe asekwe apha-I-Aksum-yafikelela kwincopho yayo kwinkulungwane ye-4 AD . E., xa izinto zakhe entshona zafikelela kwilizwe Lasemeroe Kwintlambo Yomnayile, nasempuma – "Happy Arabia" (eyemen yanamhlanje). Kwi-II millennium AD, amazwe anamandla asekwa Entshona Sudan (Ighana, Imali, Songhai Kunye Nebornu) ; kamva amazwe asekwa kunxweme Lwaseguinea (Ashanti, Dahomey, Congo, njl.), entshona Yelake Chad (amazwe abantu Basehausa) nakweminye imimandla yelizwekazi Laseafrika.

Iilwimi zabantu Base Tropical Africa abahlala emazantsi osapho Lwamasemitic-Hamitic ngoku zidityaniswe zaba ziintsapho ezimbini: Iniger (Congo)-Kordofan Kunye Nenilo-Saharan. Iqela Laseniger-Congo-Kordofan libandakanya iqela Laseniger-Congo – awona maqela maninzi kwaye adibeneyo: Iatlantic Yasentshona, Imande, Ivolta, Kva, Ibenue-congo kunye Neadamaua-mpuma. Abantu Basentshona Yeatlantiki babandakanya i-Fulbe parod enkulu, abahlala kumaqela ahlukeneyo phantse kuwo onke amazwe Asentshona Nakumbindi Wesudan, Iwoloff Kunye Neserer (Senegal), njl. Abantu Bakwamande (Mapdinka, Bamana, Sonike, su, Mende, njll.) uhlala kwiindawo eziphezulu Ze-Sene – gala Kunye Neniger rivers (Iguinea, Imali, njl.), abantu Volta (Moi ,Lobi, Bobi, Senufo, njll.)– Eburkina Faso, Eghana nakwamanye amazwe. Abantu Bakwa baquka abantu abakhulu kangako kunxweme Lwaseguinea Njengeyoruba Neibo (Enigeria), Iakan (Ighana) Newe (Ibenin Netogo); Ifon ehlala emazantsi yaye maxa wambi ebizwa Ngokuba Yidahomeans ikufuphi Newe; abantu abathetha iilwimi (okanye iziyelelane) Zekru banesikhundla esikwanti. La Ngamabakwe, Igrebo, Icrane nabanye abantu abahlala Eliberia Nase-Ivory Coast. Iqela elisezantsi Lasebenue-Congo lenziwe ngabantu abaninzi ababekade behlelwa njengosapho olukhethekileyo Lwebantu kunye neqela Le-Eastern Bantoid. Abantu basebantu, ngokwenkcubeko nangokolwimi olufanayo, bahlala kumazwe Akumbindi nakumazantsi E-Afrika (idemocratic Republic of the Congo (ngaphambili Eyayisakuba Yizaire), Iangola, Itanzania, Imozambique, Izimbabwe, Umzantsi Afrika, njl.). Iilwimi zabantu zahlulwe zangamaqela ali-15: 1st-Douala, Lupdu, fang njl.; 2nd-teke, mpongwe, kele; 3rd – bangui, pgala, mongo, tetela; 4th – rwanda, rundi; 5th – ganda, luhya, kikuyu, kamba; 6th-nyamwezi, nyaturu; 7th – Swahili, togo, hehe; 8th – congo, ambunduu; 9th-i am chokwe, luena; 10th-luba; 11th-bemba, fipa, tonga; 12th – malawi 13th —yao, makonde, makonda; 14th – ovimbundu, ambo, herero; 15th – shona, soto, zulu, xhosa, swazi nabanye .

Iilwimi zebantu zithethwa ngamaqela Epygmies of the congo basin (Efe, Basu a, Bambuti, njl.), ngokuqhelekileyo yahlulwe njengabantu abahlukeneyo. Phakathi kwempuma kunye nombindi Webantu, ulwimi Lwesiswahili luye lwasasazeka kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, oluye lwafumana impembelelo ebonakalayo yesiarabhu, inani labantu abathetha isiarabhu zizigidi ezingama-60 (Abantu Baseswahili bazizigidi ezili-1.9). I-adamaua-eastern subgroup ibandakanya I-Azande, i-cham-ba, I-Banda, kunye nabanye abahlala Kumbindi Nasempuma Sudan.

Iqela Lasekordofan, lincinci ngokwentelekiso nakwintsimi elihlala kuyo, liquka abantu Basekoalib, Tumum, Tegali, Talodi Nasekatla (Iriphabhlikhi Yasesudan),

Intsapho Yenilo-Saharan imelwe ngamaqela: I-Songhai, I-Saharan, I-Shari-Nile, kunye nabantu ababini abahlukeneyo beelwimi Kunye Noboya (Uboya). I-Songhai iquka i-songhai efanelekileyo, kunye Ne-Djerma kunye ne-dandy ehlala kumanxweme aseniger ephakathi; iqela Lesahara liquka I-Kanuri, I-Tuba( i-Tibbu) Kunye Ne-Zaghawa, ehlala ngaselake Chad Nasecentral Sahara. Elona group libalulekileyo Le-Shari-Nile kolu sapho libandakanya Abantu Basempuma Sudan (Dinka, Puer, Luo, Bari, Lotuko, Maasai, Nuba, okanye Nubians, njl.), ababefakwe ngaphambili kusapho oluzimeleyo Lwenilotic; I-Central Sudan people (I-Bagirmi, I-Morumadi), i-Berta Kunye ne-Kunama people. Abantu beli group bahlala emantla Ezaire nakumazantsi Esudan. Iilwimi Zemorumadi zithethwa zizizwe Zepygmy (Efe, Basua, njl.).