Science and Technology in the 21st Century. Future Physics & Technology

As a result, the interactions of natural forces are formulated in the new terms of force-relationships, covering the current constructs forces, force lines, force-interactions, or force-fields. Forces are constructed as symmetrical force-relations, forceful interrelationships, efficient interrelations, powerful interrelationships, energetic interconnections, effective mapping, or forcible interactions producing physical changes and effects.

Natural forces are engines of the universe and being studied much less than the whole subject deserves. It is forces, their actions and interactions, determine the structure of the universe at all its levels, microscopic or macroscopic or cosmological. We know little about forces, their nature and properties, kinds and laws and relationships, some even hypothesizing that in unified field theories “all forces are fictitious”, or pseudo forces. Most references here traditionally go to the use of Newton's Second Law for a definition of force, which was disparaged as essentially a mathematical truism by notable physicists, philosophers and mathematicians looking for a more substantive definition of the concept of force, as the principle of all physical science.

Still, applying symmetry to forces, the third law pinpointed the key feature of forces: all forces are interactions between different bodies. That means that they have the nature of interrelationships of power, efficiency and energy, what could be generalized as a symmetrical force-relationship. In other words, there is no such thing as a unidirectional force or a force that acts on only one body, in one progressive direction. Whenever a body exerts a force F on another body, the other one exerts a force ?F on the first body, now in the regressive direction. F and ?F are equal in magnitude BUT opposite in direction, having both magnitude and direction as vector quantities.

This action-reaction law, with F called the direct "action", or progressive force, and ?F the reverse "reaction", retrogressive or inverse force, is making a decisive inductive case for the most fundamental truth about nature.

The truth of natural causes or forces is that the action and the reaction relationships are universal phenomena applied to all physical interactions and forces, fundamental and non-fundamental.

The Diversity and Unity of the Force-Interaction: the ToE as the Holy Grail of New Physics

All forces are hierarchically related, making up the natural hierarchy of forces, forces, force lines and force fields, topped by the super symmetry force-interaction, a single universal force of coming Theory of Everything (ToE), or Final Theory, Ultimate Theory, or Master Theory, a single, all-encompassing, consistent and complete theoretical framework of physics linking together all the physical properties and phenomena of the universe.

At present, there is no theory of everything that includes the standard model of particle physics and general relativity, such as to calculate the fine structure constant and the mass of the electron, hoping that a deeper search for new particles and dark force at the large particle accelerators could provide critical input for the ToE. There are a number of candidate theories to unite general relativity and quantum field theory, designed as the working theories of quantum gravity: string theory, superstring theory, M-theory, loop quantum gravity, causal fermion systems, and causal sets.

The last two theories are recent developments and in line with our Causal Category Theory of Everything capable to generalize and complete new candidates for a unified physical theory, as causal sets program and the theory of causal fermion systems, considering general relativity and quantum field theory as limiting cases. In the causal sets program, the founding principles are that space-time is fundamentally discrete and that space-time events are related by a partial order, having the physical meaning of the causality relations between space-time events.

Ultimately, the ToE would unify all the fundamental interactions of nature, gravity, strong interaction, weak interaction, and electromagnetism, as well as shedding light on a postulated inflationary force, dark energy and dark matter.

As such, it is makes the Theory of All Forces in the Universe, ordered by the subordination and inclusion relationships (Abdoullaev A., Reality, Universal Ontology and Knowledge Systems: Toward the Intelligent World, IGI Global, USA, 2008):

Prime Force (ToE)::

Quantum Gravity (Space Curvature, Standard Model of Cosmology; Electronuclear Force (GUT, Standard Model of Particle Physics)::

Strong Interaction (SU (3); Electroweak Interaction (SU(2) x U(1))::

Weak Interaction, Electromagnetism U(1

)::

Magnetism and Electricity::

Non-Fundamental Forces (contact forces, elasticity, viscosity, friction, and pressure, etc.).

The non-fundamental forces are classified as

normal force,

friction,

tension,

elastic forces,

continuum mechanics forces of pressure,

drag and stress,

fictitious forces coming from non-inertial reference frames, as the centrifugal force and the Coriolis force,

general relativity gravity.

The pressure gradients and differentials is said to cause the buoyant force for fluids in gravitational fields, the aerodynamic forces of lifting in flight, winds in atmospheric science, like trade winds and anti-trade winds in the tropics.

Besides, forces are also classified as conservative or not conservative, where conservative forces are equivalent to the gradient of a potential energy field while not conservative forces are not. The former includes gravity, the electromagnetic force, and the spring force, while the latter friction, contact forces, tension, compression, and drag.

By their very nature, natural forces are natural causes and effects, all of the same kind of natural entities: events, actions, processes, or changes of states of some physical system, like the motive force is a rate of change of momentum. They are the mutual and reciprocal actions of one physical system or body to another to produce effects, or interactive relationships, the force-interrelationship.

Forces are not only what causing efficient changes of physical properties, but also what opposing any agency and efficiency. Both the active processes producing changes and the reactive processes opposing changes, as the inertial force and motive force, change of momentum-motion, acting power and operating energy, force-fields. And the actions of forces are always in both directions, progressive and retrogressive, direct and inverse, inductive and resistive, attractive and repulsive, forward and backward, while defining the symmetry operations and conserving critical physical quantities as mass, momentum and energy, parity and baryon number.

So forces are not only active agencies, but also passive agencies. Inertial forces, opposing any agency and efficiency, are the universal and inherent power of physical entities and systems to resist physical changes, mechanical, thermal, magnetic, or electric. Such resistive forces are opposing changes in the initial state of equilibrium, in motion, in electrical current, in magnetic fields, in electrical fields, in electromagnetic fields, etc. There are then mechanical inertia measured by mass, electrical inertia measured by conductivity and resistance, magnetic inertia by inductance and magnetic resistance, electromagnetic inertia by induction and permeability, etc.

In other words, the space is inverted (Parity or P-symmetry) and the direction of time is reversed (T-symmetry, or time symmetry) because there are symmetrical forces in their actions and directions, as active and retroactive forces. All the complex physical processes are reversed, converted, retroacted and there is R-symmetry (force-relation symmetry), both global and local, the fundamental principle of nature or the physical universe.

What’s Necessary for the Physical Science of the 21 Century

Our research in theoretical physics, mathematics of relationships and formal ontology has been leading to the necessity of formulation of the new integrative concepts of physical science of the 21

century: Force-Interaction, or Force-Interrelationship, and its Principle of Reversibility and Convertibility Laws, as being among the most basic principles and fundamental laws in nature. That also reflects the general fact that we live in the dynamic universe of force-interactions defining all ensuing regularities in the order of physical entities and processes, including the symmetries and conservation laws (Abdoullaev A., Reality, Universal Ontology and Knowledge Systems: Toward the Intelligent World, IGI Global, USA, 2008).

The enormous theoretical value and practical utility of Force-Interrelationship, Reversibility and Convertibility as the basic constructs and laws of physics and physical sciences are proved by the reverse force-relationships, reversible actions, of all natural effects and physical processes, of all interacting physical forces and fields.

As a consequence of the Reversibility and Convertibility of all physical forces, phenomena and energy forms, each real physical process must have its inverse counterpart, like as there are magneto-optical processes and there converse, opto-magnetic processes, otherwise their nature, law and description should be properly reviewed.

As another consequence, each real direct physical effect, when properly defined, must have its inverse counterpart, as the Faraday effect relating magnetism and optics has the inverse Faraday effect; otherwise its nature, law and description need a deeper study and should be properly reviewed.

Currently, there may be about 10000 physical effects specified by a multitude of physical materials, systems, or force fields, of which the most part happens to be represented by only one-side effect, see the Supplement 3.

On the intuitive level, the idea of convertibility/reversibility in nature complete with the concept of unity of natural forces were guiding principles in Faraday’s discovery of magnetic and electric effects and Maxwell’s prediction of electromagnetic fields caused by the mutual interactions of magnetic and electric force-fields.

If such is the case, many inverse effects are to be discovered under particular experimental conditions, thus giving new physical laws for new physical devices, technology systems, and machines performing the transformation of physical changes and energy (mechanical, thermal, electrical, magnetic, electromagnetic, nuclear) into each other.

Moreover, regardless their multitude and variety, all the existent and not yet uncovered physical effects are falling into one or another of a few physical processes, a self-consistent system of physical phenomena, distributed network of physical processes, first presented as an encyclopedic knowledge base for physical science in 1989 (А. Ш. Абдуллаев, База знаний энциклопедического искусственного интеллекта: Об исследовательском прототипе энциклопедической системы по физике, Москва, ВИНИТИ, 1989).

It is all demonstrated below by widely known physical facts and theories, as well by the mathematical formalism of abstract algebras. Mathematics as the study of quantitative relationships and its branches, as mathematical analysis and abstract algebra of abstract structures, is the critical tool in the natural science of modern physics. Specially, theoretical physics has made many successful achievements due to the functional analysis, linear algebra, groups, fields and rings, while lattice theory, relation algebras and categories got the least application.

Because of its nature, the most full formal description of natural forcible relations exchanging forces, power and energy, can be given in terms of ordered sets, functions, and categories instead of the group-like concepts well-fitting for symmetrical transformations of physical systems and processes and fundamental force-interactions.

In all, the new physical science stands in need of a universal principle of nature to be accountable for the interconnection and convertibility of all physical phenomena, as inverse physical effects, for all nonlinear phenomena and complex dynamic systems, like as the concept of the Fundamental Force-Interrelationship, the Principle of Reversibility and Convertibility of physical phenomena, standard or quantized.

This might be expressed shortly: if there is the Doppler effect or the Faraday effect, there must be the Inverse Doppler effect or the Inverse Faraday effect just BY LAW; otherwise it is not a real effect.

The Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded 109 times to 201 Nobel Laureates between 1901 and 2015, according to the Nobel Foundation. Of which the foundational achievements were performed in serendipitous empirical and intuitive discovering of special physical effects, like the Einstein’s law of photoelectric effect, the Compton effect, the Cherenkov effect, the M?ssbauer effect, the Hall effects and many other effects (like as listed in the Supplement 2).