The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals

[ 'Naturgeschichte der Saugethiere von Paraguay,' 1830, s. 46.]

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[ Quoted by Gratiolet, 'De la Physionomie,' 1865, p. 115.]

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[ 'Theorie Physiologique de la Musique,' Paris, 1868, P. 146. Helmholtz has also fully discussed in this profound work the relation of the form of the cavity of the mouth to the production of vowel-sounds.]

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[ I have given some details on this subject in my 'Descent of Man,' vol. i. pp. 352, 384.]

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[ As quoted in Huxley's 'Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature,' 1863, p. 52.]

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[ Illust. Thierleben, 1864, B. i. s. 130.]

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[ The Hon. J. Caton, Ottawa Acad. of Nat. Sciences, May, 1868, pp. 36, 40. For the Capra, AEgagrus, 'Land and Water,' 1867, p. 37.]

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[ 'Land and Water,' July 20, 1867, p. 659.]

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[ Phaeton rubricauda: 'Ibis,' vol. iii. 1861, p. 180.]

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[ On the Strix flammea, Audubon, 'Ornithological Biography,' 1864, vol. ii. p. 407. I have observed other cases in the Zoological Gardens.]

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[ Melopsittacus undulatus. See an account of its habits by Gould, 'Handbook of Birds of Australia,' 1865, vol. ii. p. 82.]

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[ See, for instance, the account which I have given ('Descent of Man,' vol. ii. p. 32) of an Anolis and Draco.]

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[ These muscles are described in his well-known works. I am greatly indebted to this distinguished observer for having given me in a letter information on this same subject.]

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[ 'Lehrbuch der Histologie des Menschen,' 1857, s. 82. I owe to Prof. W. Turner's kindness an extract from this work.]

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[ 'Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science,' 1853, vol. i. p. 262.]

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[ 'Lehrbuch der Histologie,' 1857, s. 82.]

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[ 'Dictionary of English Etymology,' p. 403.]

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[ See the account of the habits of this animal by Dr. Cooper, as quoted in 'Nature,' April 27, 1871, p. 512.]

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[ Dr. Gunther, 'Reptiles of British India,' p. 262.]

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[ Mr. J. Mansel Weale, 'Nature,' April 27, 1871, p. 508.]

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[ 'Journal of Researches during the Voyage of the "Beagle,"' 1845, p. 96. I have compared the rattling thus produced with that of the Rattle-snake.]

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[ See the account by Dr. Anderson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 196.]

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[ The 'American Naturalist,' Jan. 1872, p. 32. I regret that I cannot follow Prof. Shaler in believing that the rattle has been developed, by the aid of natural selection, for the sake of producing sounds which deceive and attract birds, so that they may serve as prey to the snake. I do not, however, wish to doubt that the sounds may occasionally subserve this end. But the conclusion at which I have arrived, viz. that the rattling serves as a warning to would-be devourers, appears to me much more probable, as it connects together various classes of facts. If this snake had acquired its rattle and the habit of rattling, for the sake of attracting prey, it does not seem probable that it would have invariably used its instrument when angered or disturbed. Prof. Shaler takes nearly the same view as I do of the manner of development of the rattle; and I have always held this opinion since observing the Trigonocephalus in South America.]

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[ From the accounts lately collected, and given in the 'Journal of the Linnean Society,' by Airs. Barber, on the habits of the snakes of South Africa; and from the accounts published by several writers, for instance by Lawson, of the rattle-snake in North America, – it does not seem improbable that the terrific appearance of snakes and the sounds produced by them, may likewise serve in procuring prey, by paralysing, or as it is sometimes called fascinating, the smaller animals.]

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[ See the account by Dr. R. Brown, in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 39. He says that as soon as a pig sees a snake it rushes upon it; and a snake makes off immediately on the appearance of a pig.]

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