The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals

[ A 'Dictionary of English Etymology,' 2nd edit. 1872, Introduction, p. xliv.]

819 (return (#linknoteref_818))

[ Crantz, quoted by Tylor, 'Primitive Culture,' 1871, Vol. i. P. 169.]

820 (return (#linknoteref_820))

[ F. Lieber, 'Smithsonian Contributions,' 1851, vol. ii. p. 7.]

821 (return (#linknoteref_821))

[ Mr. Bain remarks ('Mental and Moral Science,' 1868, p. 239), "Tenderness is a pleasurable emotion, variously stimulated, whose effort is to draw human beings into mutual embrace."]

822 (return (#linknoteref_822))

[ Sir J. Lubbock, 'Prehistoric Times,' 2nd edit. 1869, p. 552, gives full authorities for these statements. The quotation from Steele is taken from this work.]

823 (return (#linknoteref_823))

[ See a full acount,{sic} with references, by E. B. Tylor, 'Researches into the Early History of Mankind,' 2nd edit. 1870, p. 51.]

824 (return (#linknoteref_824))

[ 'The Descent of Man,' vol. ii. p. 336.]

825 (return (#linknoteref_825))

[ Dr. Mandsley has a discussion to this effect in his 'Body and Mind,' 1870, p. 85.]

826 (return (#linknoteref_825))

[ 'The Anatomy of Expression,' p. 103, and 'Philosophical Transactions,' 1823, p. 182.]

827 (return (#linknoteref_827))

[ 'The Origin of Language,' 1866, p. 146. Mr. Tylor ('Early History of Mankind,' 2nd edit. 1870, p. 48) gives a more complex origin to the position of the hands during prayer.]

901 (return (#linknoteref_901))

[ 'Anatomy of Expression,' pp. 137, 139. It is not surprising that the corrugators should have become much more developed in man than in the anthropoid apes; for they are brought into incessant action by him under various circumstances, and will have been strengthened and modified by the inherited effects of use. We have seen how important a part they play, together with the orbiculares, in protecting the eyes from being too much gorged with blood during violent expiratory movements. When the eyes are closed as quickly and as forcibly as possible, to save them from being injured by a blow, the corrugators contract. With savages or other men whose heads are uncovered, the eyebrows are continually lowered and contracted to serve as a shade against a too strong light; and this is effected partly by the corrugators. This movement would have been more especially serviceable to man, as soon as his early progenitors held their heads erect. Lastly, Prof. Donders believes ('Archives of Medicine,' ed. by L. Beale, 1870, vol. v. p. 34), that the corrugators are brought into action in causing the eyeball to advance in accommodation for proximity in vision.]

902 (return (#linknoteref_901))

[ 'Mecanisme de la Physionomie Humaine,' Album, Legende iii.]

903 (return (#linknoteref_903))

[ 'Mimik und Physiognomik,' s. 46.]

904 (return (#linknoteref_904))

[ 'History of the Abipones,' Eng. translat. vol. ii. p. 59, as quoted by Lubbock, 'Origin of Civilisation,' 1870, p. 355.]

905 (return (#linknoteref_905))

[ 'De la Physionomie,' pp. 15, 144, 146. Mr. Herbert Spencer accounts for frowning exclusively by the habit of contracting the brows as a shade to the eyes in a bright light: see 'Principles of Physiology,' 2nd edit. 1872, p. 546.]

906 (return (#linknoteref_906))

[ Gratiolet remarks (De la Phys. p. 35), "Quand l'attention est fixee sur quelque image interieure, l'oeil regarde dons le vide et s'associe automatiquement a la contemplation de l'esprit." But this view hardly deserves to be called an explanation.]

907 (return (#linknoteref_907))

[ 'Miles Gloriosus,' act ii. sc. 2.]

908 (return (#linknoteref_908))

[ The original photograph by Herr Kindermann is much more expressive than this copy, as it shows the frown on the brow more plainly.]

909 (return (#linknoteref_909))

[ 'Mecanisme de la Physionomie Humaine,' Album, Legende iv. figs. 16-18.]

910 (return (#linknoteref_910))

[ Hensleigh Wedgwood on 'The Origin of Language,' 1866, p. 78.]

911 (return (#linknoteref_911))

[ Muller, as quoted by Huxley, 'Man's Place in Nature,' 1863, p. 38.]

912 (return (#linknoteref_912))

[ I have given several instances in my 'Descent of Man,' vol. i. chap. iv.]

913 (return (#linknoteref_913))

[ 'Anatomy of Expression.' p. 190.]

914 (return (#linknoteref_914))

[ 'De la Physionomie,' pp. 118-121.]

915 (return (#linknoteref_915))

[ 'Mimik und Physiognomik,' s. 79.]

1001 (return (#linknoteref_1001))