History of Julius Caesar Vol. 1 of 2

623

The expedition against the Scordisci, in 619.

624

Sallust, Fragm., I. 8.

625

“Corruption especially had increased, because, Macedonia destroyed, the empire of the world seemed thenceforth assured to Rome.” (Polybius, XI. 32.)

626

Sallust, Fragm., I. 10.

627

The Romans expatriated themselves to such a degree that, when Mithridates began war, and caused all the Roman citizens spread over his states to be massacred in one day, they amounted to 150,000, according to Plutarch (Sylla, xlviii.); 80,000 according to Memnon (in the Bibliotheca of Photius, Codex CCXXIV. 31) and Valerius Maximus (IX. 2, § 3). – The small town of Cirta, in Africa, could only be defended against Jugurtha by Italiotes. (Sallust, Jugurtha, 26.)

628

Sallust, Jugurtha, 35.

629

“And Rome refused to admit in the number of her citizens the men by whom she had acquired that greatness of which she was so proud as to despise the peoples of the same blood and of the same origin.” (Velleius Paterculus, II. 15).

630

See the list of Censuses at Note (^4) of page 256.

631

Mommsen, Geschichte Roms, I., p. 785.

632

The lands taken from the town of Leontium were of the extent of thirty thousand jugera. They were, in 542, farmed out by the censors; but at the end of some time, there remained only one citizen of the country among the eighty-four farmers who had installed themselves in them; all the others belonged to the Roman nobility. (Mommsen, ii. 75. – Cicero, Second Prosecution of Verres, III. 46 et seq.)

633

Plutarch, Tiberius Gracchus, 9.

634

Diodorus Siculus, Fragments, XXXIV. 3.

635

Diodorus Siculus, Fragments, XXXVI., p. 147, ed. Schweighæuser.

636

Strabo, XIV. v. 570.

637

“Our ancestors feared always the spirit of slavery, even in the case where, born in the field and under the roof of his master, the slave learnt to love him from his birth. But since we count ours by nations, each of which has its manners and gods, or perhaps has no gods, no, this vile and confused assemblage will never be kept under but by fear.” (Tacitus, Annales, XIV. 44.)

638

In 442, the censor Appius Claudius Cæcus causes the freedmen to be inscribed in all the tribes, and allows their sons the entrance to the Senate. (Diodorus Siculus, XX. 36.) – In 450 the censor Q. Fabius Rullianus (Maximus) confines them to the four urban tribes (Titus Livius, IX. 46); towards 530, other censors opened again all the tribes to them; in 534, the censors L. Æmilius Papus and C. Flaminius re-established the order of 450 (Titus Livius, Epitome, XX.); an exception is made in favour of those who have a son of the age of more than five years, or who possess lands of the value of more than 30,000 sestertii (XLV. 15); in 585, the censor Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus expels them from the rustic tribes, where they had been again introduced, and unites them in one sole urban tribe, the Esquiline. (Titus Livius, XLV. 15. – Cicero, De Oratore, I. ix. 38.) – (639.) “The Æmilian law permits freedmen to vote in the four urban tribes.” (Aurelius Victor, Illustrious Men, 72.)

639

Valerius Maximus, VI. 2, § 3. – Velleius Paterculus, II. 4.

640

“I know Romans who have waited for their elevation to the consulship to begin reading the history of our ancestors and the precepts of the Greeks on military art.” (Speech of Marius, Sallust, Jugurtha, 85.)

641

Plutarch, Tiberius Gracchus, 8.

642

“Tiberius Gracchus genere, forma, eloquentia facile princeps.” (Florus, III. 14.)

643

Velleius Paterculus, II. 2. – Seneca the Philosopher, De Consolatione, ad Marciam, xvi.

644

Plutarch, Parallel between Agis and Tiberius Gracchus, iv.

645

“Pure and just in his views.” (Velleius Paterculus, II. 2.) – “Animated by the noblest ambition.” (Appian, Civil Wars, I. 9.)

646

Plutarch, Tib. Gracchus, 9.

647

“It was at the instigation of the rhetorician Diophanes and the philosopher Blossius that he took counsel of the citizens of Rome most distinguished for their reputation and virtues: among others, Crassus, the grand pontiff; Mucius Scævola, the celebrated lawyer, then consul; and Appius Claudius, his father-in-law.” (Plutarch, Tib. Gracchus, 9.)