Polyænus, Stratagems, VII. 23.
812
Suetonius, Cæsar, 4.
813
Velleius Paterculus, II. 41.
814
Plutarch, Cæsar, 2.
815
Plutarch, Crassus, 8.
816
Suetonius mentions, as an act of humanity, that their corpses alone were nailed to the cross, Cæsar having had them strangled beforehand to shorten their agony. (Suetonius, Cæsar, 74. – Velleius Paterculus, II. 42.)
817
Suetonius, Cæsar, 4.
818
Velleius Paterculus, II. 43. – Asconius, On the Oration of Cicero against Pisa; edit. Orelli.
819
Velleius Paterculus, II. 53.
820
Suetonius, Cæsar, 5. – Plutarch, Cæsar, 5.
821
The tribunes by the nomination of the general were usually called rufuli, because they were established by the law of Rutilius Rufus; the military tribunes elected by the people were called comitati; they were held as veritable magistrates. (Pseudo-Asconius, Commentary on the First Speech of Cicero against Verres, p. 142, edit. Orelli; and Festus under Rufuli, p. 261, edit. Müller.)
822
Plutarch, Sertorius, 15, 16.
823
“The enemy was already master of the passes which lead to Italy; from the foot of the Alps, he (Pompey) drove him back to Spain.” (Sallust, Letter from Pompey to the Senate.)
824
Velleius Paterculus, II. 30. – 100,000 according to Appian (Civil Wars, I. 117).
825
Plutarch, Lucullus, 8.
826
Sallust, Fragments, III. 258.
827
Appian, Civil Wars, I. xiv. 121.
828
“The Republic, wounded and sick, so to say, had need of repose, no matter at what price.” (Sallust, Fragments, I. 68.)
829
“We see how far are carried the jealousy and animosity which the virtue and activity of the new men light up in the heart of certain nobles. If we turn away our eyes never so little, what snares do they not lay for us! One would say that they were of another nature, another kind, so much are their feelings and wishes opposed to ours.” (Cicero, Second Prosecution of Verres, v. 71.) – “The nobility transmitted from hand to hand this supreme dignity (the consulship), of which they were in exclusive possession. Every new man, whatever his renown and the glory of his deeds, appeared unworthy of this honour; he was as if sullied by the stain of his birth.” (Sallust, Jugurtha, 63.)
830
Sallust, Catilina, 52.
831
Plutarch, Lucullus, 9.
832
Cicero, First Prosecution of Verres, 8, 9, 12; Second Prosecution, i. 29. – Pseudo-Asconius, On the first Prosecution of Verres, page 145, edit. Orelli. The orations of Cicero are full of allusions to these agents for the purchase of votes and judges.
833
“In these later years, the men who make a trade of intriguing in elections have been enabled, by diligence and address, to obtain from the citizens of their tribes all that they chose to demand. Endeavour, by any means you will, to make these men serve you sincerely and with the steadfast will to succeed. You would obtain it if men were as grateful as they ought to be; and you will obtain it, I am afraid, since, for two years, four societies of those most influential in elections – those of Marcus Fundanius, Quintas Gallius, Gaius Cornelius, and Gaius Orcivius – have engaged themselves for you. I was present when the causes of these men were entrusted to you, and I know what was promised to you, and what guarantees have been given to you by their associates.” (On the Petition for the Consulship addressed to Cicero by his brother Quintus, 5.)
834
Cicero, First Prosecution of Verres, 13.
835
“Each city of the conquered peoples has a patron at Rome.” (Appian, Civil Wars, II. 4.)
836