Английский язык. Теория и практика. Употребление времен

Раскройтескобки, употребляяглаголыв Present Perfect или Past Simple.

1. Alex (to meet) his friend two hours ago. 2. When you (to see) him last? 3. I (to do) my homework yesterday. 4. How many times you (to be) to Toronto? 5. You (to make) any spelling mistakes in your dictation? 6. I just (to meet) our teacher. 7. I (not to see) him for ages. 8. He just (to come) home. 9. At last I (to translate) this article: now I will have a little rest. 10. What books you (to read) when you (to live) in the country? 11. The children already (to decide) what to do with the books. 12. His health (to improve) greatly since I (to see) him last. 13. He (to come) home a minute ago.

Упражнение 36

Раскройтескобки, употребляяглаголыв Present Perfect или Past Simple.

1. We (to go) to the country yesterday, but the rain (to spoil) all the pleasure. 2. They (not yet to come) from the south. 3. Yesterday they (to decide) to help their grandmother. 4. You (to pass) your driving test yet? – Yes, I (to pass) it in May, but I (not to buy) a car yet. 5. Nick (to play) football yesterday. 6. My watch was going in the morning, but now it (to stop). 7. He (to be) ill last week, but now he (to recover). 8. I (not to see) you for a long time. I (to see) you in town two or three days ago, but you (not to see) me. I (to be) on a bus. 9. He already (to move). He (to find) a nice flat last Christmas and he (to be) there a year already. 10. She already (to come) from school. Now she is doing her homework. 11. The lecture (not yet to begin) and the students are talking in the classroom. 12. If everybody (to read) this new novel, let’s discuss it. 13. I (to read) this book last year.

Упражнение 37

Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect или Past Simple.

1. You (to book) tickets? – Yes, I …. I (to book) them several days ago. 2. I (to read) this book this year. 3. I can hardly recognize you. I (not to see) you since you (to leave) for Toronto. And you (to change) so much. 4. I never (to be) to Washington. 5. You (to read) all the books on this shelf? 6. You ever (to be) to New York? 7. I (not to see) my cousin since last year. 8. I don’t think you ever (to see) Niagara Falls. 9. Why you (to put) these things in the wrong place? 10. I (to invite) Linda to the party. – When you (to see) her? – I (not to see) her for ages. I (to call) her an hour ago. 11. Why you (to leave) the door open? You will catch cold sitting in the draught. 12. “We (not to meet) for such a long time!” said my friend. “Yes, indeed,” I answered, “and we both (to grow).”

Разница между The Past Simple и The Past Perfect

Past Simple используется, когда действия происходят в хронологическом порядке, а Past Perfect – когда нужно показать, какое действие произошло первым, раньше остальных действий.

He started the car, turned the radio on and fastened the seat belt. – Онзавелмашину, включилрадиоипристегнулременьбезопасности.

Действия описываются в хронологическом порядке: сначала он завел машину, потом включил радио и пристегнул ремень безопасности.

He started the car, turned the radio on, but before he had fastened the seat belt. – Онзавелмашину, включилрадио, нопередэтимпристегнулременьбезопасности.

Действия описываются не в хронологическом порядке: сначала он пристегнул ремень безопасности, а затем завел машину и включил радио.

Часто в подобных предложениях используется слово when(когда).

When I got home, my son took my car. – Когда я пришел домой, мой сын взял у меня машину.

When I got home, I found that my son had taken my car. – Когда я пришел домой, я обнаружил, что мой сын взял мою машину.

Если из контекста нам понятно, что одно действие произошло раньше другого, можно использовать как Past Perfect, так и Past Simple. Часто понять контекст и очередность событий помогают следующие слова-маркеры: before(перед тем как, до того как),after(после того как),first(сперва, сначала),as soon as(сразу после того как, как только), earlier(раньше) и т. д.

I didn’t worry about speaking in front of so many people. I gave public speeches earlier. – Я не переживал насчет выступления перед большим количеством людей. Я и ранее выступал на публике.

I didn’t worry about speaking in front of so many people. I had given public speeches earlier. – Я не переживал насчет выступления перед большим количеством людей. Я и ранее выступал на публике.

Упражнение 38

Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Simple или Past Perfect.

1. When the police … (to arrive), we already … (to catch) the thief. 2. Tom (to return) from the cinema at five o’clock. 3. By two o’clock the teacher (to examine) all the students. 4. Jack … (to finish) the test before the bell … (to ring). 5. Tom (to return) from the cinema by five o’clock. 6. On my way to school I (to remember) that I (to leave) my report at home. 7. When Anna … (to come) to say good-night, her children already … (to fall) asleep. 8. I (to finish) my homework at seven o’clock. 9. My friends (to be) glad to hear that I (to pass) all the exams successfully. 10. Scott already … (to prepare) the dinner when her husband … (to get) home from work. 11. I (to finish) my homework by seven o’clock. 12. Poor Oliver (to lie) unconscious on the spot where Sikes (to leave) him. 13. When Brad and Susan … (to get) married, they … (to know) each other for 3 years. 14. He (to think) that he (to lose) the money. 15. Mary (to tell) us that she (to cook) a good dinner.

Упражнение 39

Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Simple или Past Perfect.

1. He (to open) his eyes, (to look) around and (to try) to remember what (to happen) to him. 2. She … (not to enjoy) the film because she … (to read) the book before. 3. Ann (to tell) me that she (to see) an interesting film. 4. All the passengers (to see) at once that the old man (to travel) a great deal in his life. 5. Our apartment … (to be) in a mess because I … (to have) a birthday party the night before. 6. When I (to come) home, mother already (to cook) dinner. 7. By the time we (to come) to see him, he (to return) home. 8. We … (not to go) to a restaurant because we … (to spend) all our money on clothes. 9. When father (to return) from work, we already (to do) our homework. 10. During the holidays my friend (to visit) the village where he (to live) in his childhood. 11. Mary … (can’t goskating) after she … (to break) her leg. 12. When the teacher (to enter) the classroom, the pupils already (to open) their books. 13. When they (to enter) the hall, the performance already (to begin). 14. Larry … (to be) late because he … (to get) stuck in a traffic jam. 15. Kate (to give) me the book which she (to buy) the day before. 16. Yesterday I (to find) the book which I (to lose) in summer.

Упражнение 40

Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Simple или Past Perfect.

1. When I came home, my mother (to tell) me that she (to receive) a letter from grandfather. 2. Nick (to show) the teacher the picture which he (to draw). 3. Where you (to work) before you (to go) to university? 4. The boy (to give) the goats the grass which he (to bring) from the field. 5. He (to know) French before he (to visit) France. 6. Mother (to see) that Nick (not to wash) his hands. 7. Lanny (to say) that he (to get) his education in Cape Town. 8. The teacher (to understand) that Lena (not to do) her homework. 9. The boy (to want) to act the main part in the play because he (to organize) the theatre. 10. I (to know) that my friend (not yet to come). 11. Lanny (not to know) who (to attack) him in the darkness. 12. When I (to wake) up yesterday, father already (to go) to work. 13. The girl (to be) glad that she (to find) a seat near the window. 14. Nick (to think) that his father (not yet to come) home. 15. Suddenly he (to remember) that he (not to ring) her up in the morning. 16. When we (to come) to the station, the train already (to leave).

Разница между The Present Perfect и The Past Perfect

Время Present Perfect используют для описания действия, которое завершилось к настоящему моменту, в то время как Past Perfect – для действия, которое началось и завершилось к определенному моменту в прошлом.

Основные слова-маркеры Past Perfect и Present Perfect: already(уже), just(только что),since(с),yet(уже; еще не), ever(когда-либо),for(на протяжении).

He has already left, but you can call him and ask to wait for you. – Он уже ушел, но ты можешь ему позвонить и попросить подождать тебя. – Present Perfect – (действие завершилось к определенному моменту в настоящем)

When I called the police, the thief had already gone. – Когда я позвонил в полицию, вор уже убежал. – Past Perfect – (действие завершилось к определенному моменту в прошлом)

I haven’t finished cooking yet. Can you, please, wait a bit? – Я еще не закончила готовить ужин. Можешь, пожалуйста, немного подождать? – Present Perfect – (действие завершилось к определенному моменту в настоящем)

I hadn’t finished cooking dinner yet so he ate a sandwich. – Онпришелдомойоченьрановчера. Я еще не закончила готовить ужин, поэтому он съел сэндвич. – Past Perfect – (действие завершилось к определенному моменту в прошлом)

We have been married for 20 years, and now he wants to get divorced. – Мыженаты 20 лет, итеперьонхочетразвестись. – Present Perfect – (действие завершилось к определенному моменту в настоящем)

We had been married for 20 years and got divorced in 2018. – Мы были женаты 20 лет и развелись в 2018. – Past Perfect – (действие завершилось к определенному моменту в прошлом)

Разница между The Future Perfect, The Future Simple и The Future Continuous

Future Simple – что-то произойдет в будущем – говорим об этом как о факте, без акцента на продолжительности или завершенности действия.

I will buy tickets for the concert tomorrow. – Якуплюбилетынаконцертзавтра.

He will talk to his boss as soon as he can. – Онпоговоритсбоссом, кактолькосможет.

Future Continuous – действие начнется в будущем и будет длиться какое-то время – акцент на продолжительности этого действия.

I will be going home from work this time. – Вэтовремяябудуидтисработыдомой.

I will be waiting for you. – Ябудуждатьтебя.

Future Perfect – действие завершится к определенному моменту в будущем – акцент на результате этого действия.

They will have finished the project before the deadline. – Онизакончатпроектвсрок.

We will have been best friends for 30 years by then. – Ктомувременимыбудемдрузьямиуже 30 лет.

Разница между The Present Perfect Continuous и The Present Continuous

Present Perfect Continuous – действие началось какое-то время назад, длилось и все еще продолжается.