The Good Behaviour Book: How to have a better-behaved child from birth to age ten

• They are in charge of their child in a guiding, not controlling, way.

What others observed. In addition to our own observations, we read the most credible research that attempted to answer the age-old question, What can parents do that most affects the way their children turn out? These are known as attachment studies. Attachment researchers use the term “securely” attached children (we call them connected kids) or “insecurely” or “anxiously” attached children (we call them unconnected kids). The striking conclusion that we can make from these studies is that, in addition to our genetic wiring, how we become who we are is rooted in the parent-child connection in the first few years of life. Attachment researchers found that connected kids shine in nearly every area of competence and behaviour. The summary of their observations is shown in the chart on.

Modern research is finally concluding what savvy mothers have always known: a healthy attachment in infancy is likely to turn out a healthier adult. How a mother and infant spend the first year together makes a difference, probably for the rest of their lives. The basis for discipline at all ages is being connected to your child. The earlier you get connected, the more successful your discipline will be. To guide your child you have to know your child, be able to read your child’s body language, and give age-appropriate responses. For your child to receive your discipline, your child needs to be able to read and trust you. This mutual connection allows discipline to flow naturally from you to your child, and prepares your child to want your guidance. As rational as this sounds, there are many families where this doesn’t happen. Our purpose in this chapter is to show you how to let this connection happen, right from the very beginning.

martha and matthew – how they got connected (#ulink_7b589a9b-45b1-5834-b39b-b13c07de70a0)

We love reading teacher’s reports about our nine-year-old Matthew: “He’s so focused.” “He’s so well-behaved.” Our friends give us compliments about Matthew: “He’s such a joy to have around.” “He’s a good influence on my son.” During a toy squabble between Matthew and a friend, an observing parent said, “Matthew is incredibly sensitive to other children.” A new mother watching Martha discipline a conflict between Matthew and a sibling remarked, “How did you know what to do?”

How did Matthew come to be this way? Is he afraid of being punished, or is he just naturally “good”? Where did his self-control come from? How can one subtle look from Martha pull him back from the brink of trouble? How did this pair get so well connected? The story of disciplining Matthew goes all the way back to the day of his birth.

Immediately after birth Martha gathered up Matthew and cuddled him to her breast. As Matthew lay skin-to-skin, no longer enclosed in the warmth of her womb, he found a new place where he fit. As he fed from Martha’s breast, snuggled against her chest, nested in her arms, he found a new “womb”. When he opened his eyes, he found Martha’s eyes gazing adoringly into his. Matthew arrived knowing where he belonged and feeling that this was a warm and comfortable place to be. Matthew felt right. Though no longer connected by the cord, the pair stayed connected by the hormonal high of new motherhood and the ability of a newly born baby to make his needs known. No distance – physical or emotional – developed between them. During the day Martha held Matthew close to her or wore him in a baby sling, fed him on cue, and responded sensitively to his needs. At night they slept side by side, Martha providing security and comfort to Matthew.

This connection, the beginning of discipline, continued through Matthew’s baby days. When Matthew cried, Martha responded, and Matthew learned that his distress was followed by comfort. Because Martha gave Matthew a consistent response, Matthew learned to trust that his mother was responsive to him. Never mind that Martha did not always give the “perfect” response (Matthew may have wanted a change of scenery, but Martha offered to feed him). The important point is that she responded. Even though this was our sixth baby, Martha had to learn to read Matthew as an individual. With time and patience and through hundreds of rehearsals, Matthew and Martha worked at their communication until they got it right most of the time. As time progressed, Martha learned to anticipate Matthew’s needs. When a grimace appeared, a cry was sure to follow. So she responded to the grimace before a panic cry had a chance to develop. Mother and baby were comfortable and happy together.

As I watched this pair grow together (and did what I could to support them), I noticed that while Martha’s initial responses to Matthew’s cues involved some trial and error, they quickly became more intuitive. There was harmony to their relationship, a flow of cue giving and caregiving between a little person with big needs and a mother motivated to meet those needs. This led to an inner feeling of well-being that is characteristic of a connected mother-baby pair. The same sparkle was in the eyes of both mother and son. We enjoyed being with him, and he enjoyed being with us. Because Matthew was connected, he felt valued – the beginning of a child’s self-worth, the basis of disciplined behaviour. Matthew’s smiles and contentment made Martha feel valued as well, the beginning of parental self-confidence.

I saw a mutual sensitivity develop between Matthew and Martha. When Matthew was upset, Martha knew what he needed, almost as if she could get inside his mind. Martha seemed to feel what Matthew was feeling and vice versa. When Matthew’s behaviour deteriorated or when he was not feeling well, her sensitivity went up a notch. She clicked into motherly overdrive, with a higher level of acceptance and a higher level of giving. Matthew also became sensitive to Martha. When she was having a bad day, Matthew became less sparkly and more clingy. By the time Matthew was a year old, we were well on our way to having a disciplined child.We knew our child, and Matthew felt right.

Once we put the initial investment of time and energy into getting to know Matthew, meeting his needs, and anticipating his behaviour, his entry into toddlerhood did not worry us. When Matthew drifted into undesirable behaviour, it was not difficult to rechannel his actions. He was willing to be redirected because he knew we respected his need to hatch. His sense of self was blossoming. (Bill’s connection to Matthew is described in Chapter 6, “Fathers as Disciplinarians” (#litres_trial_promo).)

parenting – the key to early discipline (#ulink_6631713f-320b-585c-b1d9-b830273a8ab6)

Martha’s style of parenting is called attachment parenting, a style that brings out the best in parents and baby. Attachment parenting begins with being open to the cues and needs of your baby, without fretting about spoiling or being manipulated. It gets discipline off to a good start by helping you get to know your baby. Alternatively, parenting styles that place the emphasis on parents getting their babies on a set schedule, under control, are likely to keep you from connecting with your baby and can undermine the development of true discipline.

By knowing your child you learn her needs and preferences at each stage of development. You are able to understand why she behaves a certain way, what situations promote desirable behaviour, and which ones produce undesirable behaviour. You help her feel right by setting conditions that promote the best behaviour. The child who feels right acts right. She operates from an inner sense of well-being and so is less impulsive, less angry, and less likely to misbehave. Attachment parenting will help you reach two goals: to know your child and to help your child feel right. These two goals form the cornerstone of a strong disciplinary relationship with your child. Six features of attachment parenting that will help you get connected and shape the relationship between you and your baby are: responding to your baby’s cues, breastfeeding, wearing your baby, spending time playing with your baby, sharing sleep, and being a facilitator. Here’s how each of these attachments contributes to discipline.

1. Respond to Your Baby’s Cries

Before you actually hold your baby in your arms you will wonder, “How will 1 ever know what my baby needs?” You will learn quickly because your baby will tell you. The key is to listen and observe. Babies are born with attachment-promoting behaviours (APBs). These behaviours are baby’s earliest language, cues that he uses to communicate his needs. You will find them irresistible; they’re designed to be that way, to penetrate parents to the core, demanding a response. The strongest APB is baby’s cry. Responding to your baby’s cries is the cornerstone of discipline. When your baby cries, pick him up and comfort him. Don’t waste your time wondering, “Should I pick him up?” “Is he trying to manipulate me?” “Will I spoil her?” Just do it.

Don’t worry whether you’ve given the correct response. If your baby is hungry and you try to comfort her by holding and singing rather than feeding her, she will let you know she wants to be fed instead by gnawing on her fists or searching for your breast. With practice, you and your baby will work out the correct cues and responses. Your baby will learn to give you specific cues to specific needs, and you will learn to read body language that signals a specific need. Your response will become less calculated, more intuitive and natural. For some mothers this comes easily; others may need to overcome uncertainty or pre-conceived fears that their baby will control and manipulate them. At some time near the beginning of your parenting career you are likely to hear the advice “Let your baby cry it out” (meaning leave your baby to cry alone). Don’t do it! A baby’s cryis his language – listen to it. A baby’s cry is designed to ensure that his needs for food, holding, rest, and social interaction are met. His cry also develops his mother’s parenting skills. Responding to your baby’s cries is your first exercise in teaching your baby to trust you. It’s an exercise in disciplining your baby.

Effect of mother’s response on baby’s cries.

We do not mean to imply that it is your responsibility to make your baby stop crying. Only baby can do that. It is your job to help him stop crying. Yet there will be times when baby does keep crying because even your holding or feeding doesn’t help, and you’ll have some research to do.

(#ulink_602f1785-2a6b-5e55-b7a5-99ec16b03d50) The difference is he’s not being left to cry alone. You continue to hold, rock, bounce, jiggle, take a walk outside – do whatever it takes to help him. Just being with him helps, and you’ll learn as you go. Keeping baby in arms as much as possible helps him cry less and feel supported when he does cry. The cry is baby’s first communication tool. Listen to it.

After the first four to six months, your response to your baby’s fussing will seem to become intuitively less immediate. Baby gradually learns he can wait a bit and anticipate your holding. He can do this because he has learned to trust you and is familiar with that right feeling he gets when you respond to him. You’re in the midst of an activity you want to complete when baby wakes up or decides he’s tired. Instead of rushing over to tend to your baby’s cry you say, “Mummy’s right here …” which can be enough to satisfy baby for a minute or two. Baby develops the ability to wait because he knows you always come. You develop an ear for knowing how urgently he needs you to come.

Teach your baby to cry better. Responding to a baby’s cries is not only good for the baby and the parents, it’s also good for the relationship. Some babies have ear piercing cries that distance them from their parents. These cries shatter nerves and provoke anger, diminishing parents’ enjoyment in being with their baby. Yet immediate responses can help mellow this kind of cry. The opening sounds of baby’s cry are not so aggravating. Instead they have a quality that strikes an empathetic chord in the mother and elicits a nurturing and comforting response. This is the attachment-promoting phase of a baby’s cry. We have noticed that babies whose early cries receive a nurturant response learn to cry better – their cries mellow and do not take on a more disturbing quality. Mothers call these “nicer cries”. But a baby whose cries do not receive an early nurturant response begin to cry in a more disturbing way as she grows angrier. These cries can make the mother angry, promoting an avoidance response. As these babies learn to cry harder, a distance develops between mother and baby. Mothers who follow the advice to let their baby cry it out soon begin giving their babies negative labels, such as “difficult baby” or “fussy baby”. These babies, because their cries go unanswered, use the attachment-promoting phase of the cry less, and the more irritating avoidance-promoting sound more and more. This relationship is at high risk for discipline problems because mother and baby are not communicating well.

The ultimate in crying sensitivity happens when you become so fine-tuned to your baby’s body language that you read and respond to pre-cry signals and intervene before crying is necessary. Baby soon learns he doesn’t have to cry hard (or sometimes at all) to get what he needs. A very attached and nurturant mother who was well on her way to becoming a good disciplinarian told us, “My baby seldom cries. She doesn’t need to.”

2. Breastfeed Your Baby

There is a special connection between breastfeeding and discipline. Promoting desirable behaviour requires that you know your child and help your child feel right. Breastfeeding helps you get to know your baby and provide the response that helps him feel right.

Discipline benefits to mother.Breastfeeding is an exercise in baby-reading. Learning about your baby’s needs and moods is an important part of discipline. Part of learning how to breastfeed is learning to read your baby’s cues rather than watching the clock. You learn to read her body language so that you can tell when she needs to feed, when she’s had enough, and when she just wants to feed for comfort. One veteran disciplinarian told us, “I can tell her moods by the way she behaves at the breast.” Baby gives a cue asking for food or comfort, and you respond by offering to feed. After hundreds of these cue-response practice sessions, your responses become completely natural. What was initially a mental exercise (“Is she hungry? Restless? Upset? I wonder what she needs”) eventually becomes an intuitive response. A flow of communication develops between the little person in need and the big person who is in a position to meet those needs. You get in harmony with your baby.

This harmony is especially helpful if you need to overcome preconceived fears of spoiling that restrain you from naturally responding to your baby. Jan, a first-time mother whom I talked with at a prenatal interview, had a lot of hang-ups from her past that threatened to interfere with her enjoyment of motherhood. She had been on a rigid schedule as a baby, and control was the big issue in her childhood. Jan was now entering motherhood feeling that her main task as a parent was to be sure that her baby did not control or manipulate her. She feared that picking up the baby whenever she cried would result in spoiling. As part of her parenting plans, she was going to train her baby to soothe herself by letting her cry it out. She also planned to put the baby on a feeding schedule, called parent-controlled feeding, and she felt this would be easier to do if she bottle-fed. She thought this would ensure that she would be in charge, and not the baby. I explained that in order to be “in charge” of her baby she had to get to know her baby and become intuitively responsive. Jan changed her mind and decided to give breastfeeding a try. I’m happy to report it not only worked very well for baby but was also therapeutic for Mummy.

The right chemistry. Breastfeeding stimulates your body to produce prolactin and oxytocin – hormones that give your mothering a boost. These magical substances send messages to a mother’s brain, telling her to relax and make milk. The levels of these substances go up during breastfeeding and during other motherly activities such as looking at and caressing the baby. They may form a biological basis for the term “mother’s intuition”. Your reward for spending time touching and enjoying your baby and breastfeeding frequently is a higher level of “feel-good” hormones. A prominent psychotherapist we interviewed revealed her observation that “breastfeeding mothers are better able to empathize with their children”.

Discipline benefits for your baby. Baby’s cues for food and comfort are met, so naturally baby learns to trust. Because he spends many hours each day at the breast, he feels valued and “in touch”. Baby feels right, and this inner feeling of well-being translates into desirable behaviour. Over my twenty-two years in paediatric practice I have observed how mellow breastfeeding babies are, especially toddlers who breastfeed through their second year. A nursing toddler seems to be at peace with himself and with his caregivers. Although in the last century of Western culture we have learned to think of breastfeeding in terms of months or even weeks, historically, in most cultures, babies have nursed for at least two or three years. The behaviour-improving effects of breastfeeding have been known for millennia. You will find breastfeeding particularly useful as a discipline tool when a toddler is going through the stage where he is easily frustrated or when his newfound independence frightens him. We knew a secure and independent two-and-a-half-year-old child who after experiencing a setback such as a toy squabble would come to his mother for consolation saying, “Nursie ’bout it.”

the body chemistry of attachment

Good things happen to the hormones of mothers and babies who are attached. Hormones regulate the body’s systems and help them react to the environment. One of these hormones is Cortisol. Produced by the adrenal glands, one of its jobsis to help a person cope with stress and make sudden adjustments in threatening situations. For the body to function optimally, it must have the right balance of Cortisol – too little and it shuts down, too much and it becomes distressed. Cortisol is one of the hormones that plays a major part in a person’s emotional responses. In reviewing attachment-chemistry studies, we conclude that a secure mother-infant attachment keeps the baby in hormonal balance. Insecurely attached infants may either get used to a low hormonal level, and so they become apathetic, or they may constantly have high stress hormones, and so they become chronically anxious. The securely attached infant seems to be in a state of hormonal well-being, and because the infant is used to that feeling, he strives to maintain it. Scientists are confirming what mothers have always known: Mother’s presence is important for keeping baby’s behavioural chemistry in balance.

Besides attachment parenting helping the baby’s hormones, it also helps the mother’s body chemistry. Maternal behaviours, especially breastfeeding, result in an outpouring of the hormones prolactin and oxytocin. These “mothering hormones” act as biological helpers, giving mums motherly feelings. They may, in fact, be the biological basis of the concept of mother’s intuition. Prolactin levels increase ten- to twenty-fold within thirty minutes after mother begins breastfeeding. Most of it is gone again within an hour. Prolactin is a short-acting substance, so to get the best response a mother must breastfeed frequently – which is what babies want anyway. Hormones are biological helpers that improve the behaviour of the baby and the caregiving of the mother. Your choice in parenting style can make them work for you.

“But won’t prolonged breastfeeding spoil a toddler? He needs to become independent.” Actually the reverse is true – children who are not weaned before their time are more independent. Premature weaning breaks a connection before the child is equipped to make other connections. Extended nursing, rather than encouraging a child to stay dependent, creates conditions that encourage independence. Offering a familiar connection (breastfeeding) during tumultuous toddlerhood gives the child an anchor from which he can explore the unfamiliar.

The idea of breastfeeding past your child’s first birthday may seem strange to you, but we believe that it is important that children not be weaned before they show signs of readiness. Weaning is a part of growing up. It should take place gradually. We have noticed that children who have been weaned too early show what we call diseases of premature weaning: aggression, anger, more tantrum-like behaviour, anxious clinging to caregivers, and less ability to form deep and intimate relationships. Breastfeeding seems to mellow out the aggressive tendencies of toddlers and restores balance in their behaviour. In 1990, former surgeon general Dr Antonia Novello, after extolling the benefits of breastfeeding, added, “It’s the lucky baby, I feel, who continues to nurse until he is two.” (See “Weaning from Attachment” (#uf42ee25b-d1a9-4356-a4d0-8ff30b08317e).)

Can a bottle-feeding mother achieve the same degree of closeness with her baby as the breastfeeding mother?

We believe she can, but she has to work at it harder since she is not part of a natural feedback loop enjoyed by the breastfeeding baby and mother. The bottle-feeding mother is more likely to schedule her baby’s feedings, because formula-fed babies are easier to schedule (artificial baby milks take longer to digest). Bottle-feeders tend to worry more about spoiling their babies. A bottle-feeding mother does not have the benefit of the hormonal boost that happens with breastfeeding or the intimate skin-to-skin connection. Holding her baby lovingly in the breastfeeding position, caressing her baby during feeding, and giving a nurturing response to cries can stimulate her mothering hormones, yet the effects are not as great as with breastfeeding. By carrying her baby a lot, responding to her baby’s cries, and making feeding time a nurturing interaction, a bottle-feeding mother can achieve a level of sensitivity and knowledge of her baby closer to what comes with breastfeeding than if she didn’t add these attachment boosters. We realize there are mothers who would be deeply unhappy breastfeeding. It’s important for a mother to choose a method of feeding that reflects a happy mother to her baby. Perhaps as inner conflicts are explored she’ll want to breastfeed her next baby.

3. Wear Your Baby

Beginning in the early weeks, hold or wear your baby in a baby sling for as many hours a day as you and your baby enjoy. Since 1985 we have been studying how babywearing improves behaviour. Parents would come into our surgery exclaiming, “As long as I wear our baby he’s content.” Research has validated this parental observation: babies who are carried more cry less. For centuries parents have known that motion calms babies, especially the rhythmic motion of parents’ walking. Carrying modifies behaviour primarily by promoting quiet alertness – the state in which babies behave best.

Babywearing helps you know your infant.

Babywearing also improves the way babies feel. The carried baby feels like a part of the parents’ world. He goes where they go, sees what they see, hears what they hear and say. Babywearing helps the baby feel included and important, which creates a feeling of rightness that translates into better behaviour and more opportunities for learning. The brain is stimulated through motion, increasing the baby’s intellectual capacity, a forerunner to the child’s ability to make appropriate sensory-motor adaptations in the future.

Wearing improves the sensitivity of the parents as well. Because your baby is so close to you, in your arms, in constant contact, you get to know him better. Closeness promotes familiarity. Because your baby fusses less, he is more fun to be with and you tend to carry your baby more. The connection grows deeper.

Like breastfeeding, babywearing promotes eye-to-eye contact. As I watch babywearing pairs parade through my surgery, I notice that not only are these babies and mothers physically connected, they are visually in tune. What a wonderful way to learn to read each other’s faces. As you will learn throughout this book, the ability to read and respond to each other’s “looks” is a powerful discipline tool. Over the years I have observed that “sling babies” become children who are easier to discipline.

4. Play with Your Baby

What does playing have to do with discipline, you may wonder. Play helps you know your baby’s capabilities and age-appropriate behaviours at each stage of development. It sets the stage for you and your baby to enjoy one another. It opens the door to a valuable discipline tool you will need at all stages of your child’s life – humour. To smile, laugh, and giggle your way through a situation sidesteps a conflict, gets the child’s attention, opening his mind to your discipline. You want your baby to grow up to be a happy person, so it follows that you want him to have lots of practice being happy. And nothing makes a baby happier than to play with mum or dad. If the child is used to following instruction during play, he is likely to listen to you during correction.

Play is part of discipline.

Playing together gives your baby the message, “You are important to me”, a valuable feeling for growing self-esteem. Peek-a-boo, stacking blocks, doing puzzles, playing pretend helps you get behind the eyes of your child and view things from her perspective – a valuable discipline tool for you to learn. Play brings discipline down to earth. With the proliferation of parenting classes and the overemphasis on “techniques” of modern discipline, it’s easy for parents to get caught up in the science of discipline yet overlook the simplicity. Much of discipline is just being with your baby enjoying the simple things of life.

5. Share Sleep with Your Baby

Nighttime is scary for little people, but our usual Western custom is to separate parents and babies at night. We would like you to consider nighttime not as a block of time for you to finally get away from your baby but a special time when you can strengthen your connection. Every family needs to work out a sleeping arrangement where all sleep best, and we believe the nighttime environment that can best strengthen your parent-child attachment allows for baby sleeping near you – a style we call sharing sleep.

Our observations over more than twenty years, our examination of studies of mother-infant sleep-sharing pairs, and our own studies on one of our babies lead us to conclude that a baby’s overall physiological system works better when baby sleeps next to mother. The cardio-respiratory system is more regulated, less stressed; therefore, baby is less stressed and thrives better.

Besides these physical benefits, there are emotional benefits to the sleep-sharing pair. Babies show less anxiety. They feel right at night, just as they do during the day. The connection continues. Sleep-sharing babies get the message “I’m just as valuable to be next to at night as I am during the day. I belong to someone twenty-four hours a day.” For a mother who responds to her baby’s cues, breastfeeds, and wears her baby, sleep sharing naturally becomes part of the attachment package. Our daughter-in-law Diane, who is a new and very attached mother, said, “I can’t imagine us sleeping away from each other. Nighttime with Lea is our special time to be together without interference.”